Manual / Guide · 1980
The 126-page owner's manual for the TRS-80 Pocket Computer (26-3501): manual calculation, programming in BASIC, the reservable keys, cassette commands, error codes, specifications and battery replacement.
—TRS-80 { Pocket Computer ! " Catalog Number 26-3501 iy . : oa CusTOM MANUFACTURED FOR RADIO SHACK A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION .’ INTRODUCTION... 0.6... ce cece ee cence nee e een eeeecebnes 1 TABLE OF FUNCTIONS AND STATEMENTS.................--.000--0... 3 KEYBOARD .. 12... eee ete cee tent e et eneeveeees 8 FUNCTIONS OF KEYS... 0... cece ccc eee e eee e eee seu scene. 9 SECOND FUNCTION. ... 00... cece cece cence cette eeeen cece, 13 MODE. 2... cece cence nee n nee b et eebeeebnes 13 DISPLAY 1.0... cece ete cnet eb eeeeunbreees 14 DISPLAY SYSTEM ... 6... e ccc cent teeeebneeeee 16 INPUTTING DATA 2.0... ccc ccc cece nett eeeeevneneees 17 COMPUTATION RANGE .......... 0000 ce ccc e cece cece eect ceeeenneee. 17 MANUAL CALCULATIONS ..........0 0.0 c cece cece e cece eeueeeeeees 18 1. What is a manual calculation? 22.0.6... eee eee cence eees 18 2. For arithmetic calculations... 00... cece ence eeeeneneee 18 3. Power calculations. 6... cee eee e cece ce eeeeenees 20 4, Calculations with parentheses... 0.0.0... cece cence eeeeeeeeeees 20 5. Scientific functions 2.0... cece cece e ee eveneeeneecs 21 6. Logic functions... ce cece cece e ne ceeeenneeus 24 7. . 8. 9. 10. 11. PROGRAMMED CALCULATIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. VARIABLES 1. 2. 3. 4. PAUSE statement 6.0... cece cece eee eee e eens 57 5. USING statement 2.0.0 eee cee eee rnneenennes 57 6. GOTO statement... ccc cence eneeeennes 59 7. AF statement. 2... cece cece cnet ten eeeeannes 60 8. GOSUB statement, RETURN statement .......0. 0.00 ccc cece ee eeccccuaee 62 9. FOR statement, NEXT statement... 2... ce eee eens 64 10. STOP statement 2... ee eee eee eee 68 41. END statement. ....... 00 ee et eee 68 12. BEEPstatement 0.0 ee ee eee eee eee eee 68 13. CLEAR statement... 0. eee ee ee 68 14. DEGREE, RADIAN, GRAD statements... 0... ee eee tee 69 14. AREAD statement. 0... 0 eee eee eee eee 69 16. REMstatement. . 0.0... cee ee ee et te eee 70 COMMAND STATEMENTS.........0. 5000 eee ete ee ene 70 1. RUN command. 2... 0. cc ee eee eee eet eee 70 2. DEBUG command... 0... ee ee eee ee eee 71 3. CONT command. 2... ee ee eee eee eet tees 71 4, LIST command... 00. ee tee eee eee eee tee 72 5. NEWcommand.......- 0. ee eee eee tenet e teens 73 6 MEMcommand. ....... 00.0 ee tenet eee eee 73 STATEMENTS FOR OPTIONAL CASSETTE INTERFACE (Cat. No. 26-3503)....... 74 1. CSAVE (Cassette Save} statement... 2. tee 74 2. CLOAD (Cassette Load) statement... 0.0. 02 eee eens 75 3. CLOAD? (Cassette Load?) statement 00... cc eee eee 75 4. CHAIN statement 2... ne et tte eee 76 5. PRINT # (Print cross-hatch) statement... 0... eee eee 78 6. INPUT # (input cross-hatch) statement... 2... ee eee 79 RESERVABLE KEY... 0... ccc eee enn eee 80 1. Reserve memory for reservable keys 2... ce ee eee ee eee 80 2. Use of reservable keys 2... eee eee eee tee 81 3. Checking reserve programs . 6... eee eee 83 4, Correction of reserve programs... 6. ee eee te eee 83 5. Deleting reserve programs... 2. ee ee ee eee 84 6. Configuration of reserve programs ©... 6. ee ee eee 84 ERROR CODES. 1.0... eet eee ene 85 APPENDIX 2... ee eee te eee ete eee 87 SPECIFICATIONS ... 0.0... ee eee eee eee eee 88 BATTERY REPLACEMENT ...... 2.0.0 cece tet eet ete ee eee 89 CONNECTING THE CASSETTE INTERFACE ....... 0... e ener eee eee 90 Replacing the Batteries... 1... eee ee ee eee 90 Connecting the Pocket Computer to the Cassette Interface... 22... cee eee eee eee 91 Connecting the Cassette Interface to a Tape Recorder 2... 0. eee eee 92 OPERATING THE CASSETTE INTERFACE AND RECORDER...........+.---- 93 Recording onto Magnetic Tape... 1.0... ee ee ee eet tee 93 Loading from a Magnetic Tape... 1... ee eee ete 93 Editing Programs on Magnetic Tape .. 1... ee ee ee ee eee 95 CLOAD 1 statement 2.0... ee re ee 96 Checking the Program 2.2... 6. ec eee ee ee eee ee 98 Execution of the Program. 2... ee eet eee 99 SOME SAMPLE USER’S PROGRAMS.........- 0060 eee eee eee ete eens 101 Notes for entering program listings... 0... ee ee eet eee 102 Biorhythm. . 0. eee ee eee tees 103 Guess Number Game... 1.0 er ee eee erent teens 105 Impedance in a Series Circuit. 2... ee ee ee eens 107 Days between Dates... 2... eee eee ee eee 109 Random Numbers... 0.0.0.0. eee eee eee eee eet ete 111 Normal Distribution and Percentile... 0... 6 ee tee 113 INDEX oo eee eee nn tenes 119 INTRODUCTION oe This new TRS-80 Computer is another “first” from the company which brought you the best- selling, world renowned TRS-80. A truly pocket-sized Computer (not a programmable calculator). Of course it is an ultra-powerful calculator too... And it “‘speaks’’ BASIC - - the most common computer language, and the easiest to learn. You'll soon be impressed by the phenomenal computing power of this hand-held TRS-80 - - ideal for mathematical, scientific, engineering and business applications. FEATURES @ Programmable, with BASIC language. © 24-digit alphanumeric dot matrix Liquid Crystal Display, enables easy use of BASIC language, or standard calculator function. @ Program capacity 1424 steps, 26 memories with memory safe guard. © Reservable and definable key systems. (See page 80 and 42} @ When used with an optional Cassette Interface (26-3503), you can store or recall programs and data on a cassette tape. (See page 90) Some Special Notes Since the Liquid Crystal Display is made of glass material, treat the Computer with care. @ Do not put your Pocket Computer in your back pocket - - you may sit on it and break the LCD display. “ To insure trouble-free operation: 1. The Computer should be kept in areas free from extreme temperature changes, moisture and dust. 2. Use a soft, dry cloth to clean the Computer. Do not use solvents or a wet cloth. 3. If you're not going to use the Computer for an extended period of time, remove the batteries to avoid possible damage caused by battery leakage. 4. If service is required, use only an authorized Radio Shack Service Center. 5. Keep this Manual for further reference. Name label Write your name on the attached name label and stick it on the back of the Computer. For your own protection and security, we urge you to record the Serial Number of this unit in the space provided. You'll find the Serial Number on the bottom of the Computer. Serial Number: e” We Are Going... Since this is such a radically new product and most people won't know how or where to start we thought it might be helpful to tell you where we are going with the rest of this Manual. But first — where were coming from! This manual is written assuming at least a little familiarity with BASIC. You don’t have to have hands-on experience, just be familiar with simple concepts of programming and BASIC. If you are looking for a lead-’em-by-the-hand Manual, this is not it. For that approach, stop by your Radio Shack store or Computer Center and take a look at some of our books. Two or three of them start from scratch. Back to this Manual. First were going to give you an over-view of the Computer Keyboard Functions Display Then show you how to use the Computer Manual Calculations Programmed Calculations And then you'll be ready for some Programming in BASIC r) The back of the Manual has some vital information in the Appendices. A separate Quick Reference Card has all the information you need for using your TRS-80 Pocket Computer, but in an extremely abbreviated form. ABLE OF FUNCTIONS AND S MENTS f } This Table will provide a quick reference for the BASIC Language functions as used by the Pocket Computer. The Page reference shows the page on which the Function/Statement is discussed. You can use abbreviations for the Functions and statements as noted. 1. Functions -—— Remember to press the [+] key. Functions Abbreviations Remarks Ref. page SIN Si. sin . . . 21 cos cos Trigonometric functions TAN TA. tan ASN AS. sin~? ACS AC. cos"? Inverse trigonometric functions 21 ATN AT. tan”! LN log, X Natural logarithm Logarithmic 2 functions LOG LO. logig X Common logarithm EXP EX. e* Exponential function (Antilogarithm for LN} 22 Vv Extraction of square root 22 DMS DM. Dec’ al to degree/minute/second conversion 22 DEG Degree/minute/second to decimal conversion 22 INT Integer 23 ABS AB. Absolute value 23 SGN SG. Signum 23 2. Statements State- Abbrevia- Ref. ments tions General forms Remarks page LET LE. (1) LET [numerica! variable] = < expression ) LET can be omitted {assign- (2) LET (Character variable] = “character” {except when 51 ment (3) LET [Character variable] = [Character variabie] following an IF statement) statement). INPUT 1. (1) INPUT [variable] , [variable] , - - - Input instruction IN, (2) INPUT “character”, [variable] , “character”, Data is input. INP. {variable] , --- 52 INPU. (3) INPUT “character”; [variable], “character”; {variable] , ++ - PRINT P. (1) PRINT ¢ expression ) Output instruction. PR. (2) PRINT “character” Specified contents PRI. (3) PRINT (Character variabte] are displayed. PRIN. « expression ) « expression ) {4) PRINT { “character” \, “character” | 54 (Character variable] {Character variable] ( expression > “eharacter”’ (5) PRINT { “character” }; {in mt variabl if: [Character variable] aracter variable { “character” [Character variable] i PAUSE PA. Genera! forms are the same as those for PRINT statement. Output instruction. PAU. Specified contents PAUS. are programmed 57 after being displayed for about 0.85 second. USING U. (1) USING “4... B.-A” Format designation US. instruction. usl. (2) PRINT } o 7 Displaying format ING "FORMAT", --- USIN. (a) { PAUSE USING "FO for numerical data PRINT . is designated. 57 tb) { pause | USING: {3) USING (end of statement) Format designation ¢ is cancelled. 2: or: {colan) GOTO G. (1) GOTO ¢ expression > Jump instruction. Go. ” ” Specified line or character 59 GOT. (2) GOTO | [Character variable] label is executed. \F (1) IF (expression ) logic operator ( expression) Decision instruction. execution statement Based on conditions (2) 1F ( expression ) excution statement the program (3) \F “character” | . { “character” branches or con- 60 [Character variable] [Character variable] tinues execution. execution statement (4) IF {Character variable} execute statement THEN T. This statement is defined as a execution statement in an Jump instruction. TH. IF statement. Used only with THE. Genera! form is the same as that of GOTO statement. an IF statement. 61 State: Abbrovia- General forms Remarks ner. GOSUB Gos. (1) GOSUB ( expression ) Subroutine jump GOsu. “character” instruction. (2) GosuB { [Character variable] } Execution is shifted to specified 62 line or label, where subroutine is executed. RETURN | RE. RETURN Return instruction. RET. Used after execu- RETU. tion of a GOSUB RETUR. {at end of sub- 62 routine) to return execution to main program. FOR F, (1) FOR [numerical variable] = ( expression 1) TO Starts FOR loop. FO. (expression 2) Used in combina- (2) FOR [numerical variable] = ( expression 1) TO tion with NEXT (expression 2) STEP ( expression 3) statement. 64 (expression 1): Initial value (expression 2): End value STEP STE. (expression 3): Increment NEXT N. NEXT [numerical variable) Ends FOR loop. NE. This [numerical variable] must correspond to that Used in combina- NEX. for FOR statement. tion with FOR 64 statement. STOP s. STOP To stop executing 7” ST. program. 68 STO. END E. END To indicate program EN. end. 68 BEEP B. BEEP ( expression > Beep sound instruc- BE. tion BEE, Beep tone is generat- ed as many times as 68 the number of value in ( expression ). CLEAR CL. CLEAR Data memory clear CLE. (Possible to execute by manual operation) instruction 68 CLEA. CLEAR DEGREE DEG. DEGREE Angular mode DEGR. (Possible to execute by manual operation) designation. DEGRE.| DEGREE Degree {° ) 69 is designated. RADIAN RA. RADIAN Angular mode RAD. (Possible to execute by manual operation) designation. RADI. RADIAN Radian ([rad]) 69 RADIA. is designated. (number of program steps and flexible memories). . State- Abbrevia- Ref. 6 ments ‘tions General forms Remarks page GRAD GR. GRAD Angular mode GRA. {Possible to execute by manual operation) designation. 69 GRAD Grad ([g]}) is designated. . The contents AREAD ‘ AREAD [variable] displayed at start laure ane of definable reat naan program is read 69 * into the specified [variable] . REM REM ( note) To designate non- {remark) execute statement 70 in program (notes). {Command statement) Possible only to execute by manual operation. RUN R. (1) RUN Program execute RU. {2) RUN (expression > start instruction. 70 “character” Effective only in n| (3) AU (Character variable] } DEF and RUN modes. DEBUG dD. The general forms are defined in the same manner as Debugging start DE. those for RUN statement. instruction. DEB. Effective only in nN DEBU. DEF and RUN modes. e CONT Cc. CONT To restart an co. interrupted program. CON. Effective in DEF nm and RUN modes. LIST L. The general forms are defined in the same manner as For listing programs. Ll. those for RUN statement. Effective in PRO 72 LIS. mode. NEW NEW In DEF, RUN and PRO modes, program memory and data memory are completely 73 cleared. In RESERVE mode, reserve memory is cleared. MEM M. MEM Remaining area of ME. program memory is displayed 73 = |@ State- Abbrevia- Ref. ments tions . . General forms Remarks ( Magnetic tape control statement ) CSAVE cs. CSAVE “file name” Program or reserve 14 (cassette CSA. (Possible only by manual operation) program is recorded save) CSAV. on magnetic tape. CLOAD CLO. CLOAD "“‘fite name” Program or reserve (cassette CLOA. (Possible oniy by manual operation) Program is trans- load) ferred from magne- 75 tic tape to the Computer. CLOAD? | CLO.? CLOAD? “file name” Checks contents of (cassette CLOA, ? (Possible only by manual operation) program or reserve load?) program with those 75 placed on magnetic tape. CHAIN CH. (1) CHAIN “file name” Program recorded CHA. (2) CHAIN “file name”, ( expression ) on magnetic tape is CHAI. “character’’ read in and then 3) CHAIN “file name” 76 (3) mena [Character variable] executed. {To be executed by program) PRINT # 1 PL # (1) PRINT # “file name”’ Data memory PR.¢ (2) PRINT # “‘file name’; [Label of variable] contents are PRI. (Possible to execute both by program and manual recorded on 78 PRIN. 4 operation) . magnetic tape, INPUT # 3 (1) INPUT # “file name” Data recorded on IN. # (2) INPUT # “file name” ; [Label of variable) magnetic tape is INP. # (Possible to execute both by program and manual transferred into 79 INPU. # operation) data memory of the Computer. a KEYBOARD Display : : —t Power OFF key Reservable keys ENTER key arithmetic Power ON key (Executes calculation keys calculations or enters programs) Here is a brief explanation of the main keys. For details, refer to the rest of this Manual. Key Function cA/aREAK e@ Use to power-on. @ Breaking (temporarily interrupting) the program being executed. ® Clearing the Computer completely. (Reset after error condition.) © Press to power-off. [SHFT} © Secondary functions noted above the keys (such as 7 and A\ symbols) are activated. To obtain pi, press following sequence: ita) yo 7 willbe displayed. Display shows a at left when a shift function is pending. @ In ‘‘DEF” mode, press before keying in the predefined function labeled as A, S, D, etc. (Definable key designation) Example, CAI @ In “RESERVE” mode, press before activating a key used for labeling a reserve program. (Reserve key designation) Example, @ In “PRO” or “RUN” mode, press before activating a key used for labeling a reserve program. (Reserve key designation) Example, [SHA (oj ~ (3) @ Use to enter numbers. Cs) @ Enters a decimal point. @ Use to designate abbreviations when inputting instructions. @ Use to designate a display format in a USING statement instruction. (See page 57.) Exp @ Use to input exponents. (This key function is displayed as E.) : CA} ~ 7Z3 @ These alphabetical keys serve to designate instructions. : © Specify variables (A to Z memory) / @ Use for division instructions. @ Use for multiplication instructions. @ Use to input a positive sign for numbers. (Usually omitted.) @ Use for addition instructions. : ej @ Use to input a negative sign for numbers. ®@ Use for subtraction instructions. (SHET} ®@ Use for power calculation instructions. @ Use to specify the floating decimal! point system (exponent display) for numerical data in USING statement instructions. @ Use when inputting logical operators, such as <,< =,<>. Function Use when inputting logical operators, such as >, >=, <>. In assignment statements, use to assign the content (number or character) on the right for the variable specified on the left. Use when inputting logical operators, such as =, <=, >=, Use to input parentheses. Use to extract square root, Use to provide space when inputting programs or characters. The space is ignored in programming, executing operations, etc. Use to divide two or more statements in one line. or Use with PRINT statement instructions, to provide multi-display (two or more values/contents displayed at a time). Use with INPUT statement instructions, to provide pauses in comment. Use with PRINT # statement and INPUT # statement instructions to provide pause between the instruction and the variable. eae] Use to provide pause between two equations in continuous calculation sequences. Use with PRINT statement instructions, to provide dual display (two different values/contents are displayed at a time). Use with INPUT statement instructions, to provide pause between com- ments or variables. Use with CHAIN statement, to provide pause between file and expres- sion, or between file and label when setting the opening line subsequent to execution. aT OE) Use with USING statement, to provide the instruction to define the display format of numerical data. Use with PRINT #and INPUT # statements. Use with CLOAD? statement. Use when assigning character variables. Use to designate and cancel characters. Use to specify labels. Use to change modes (DEF, RUN, PRO, RESERVE). Use to clear incorrect manual input. Use as an instruction to clear the display contents (such as calculation results). Use to reset after error. ) Shifts the cursor to the right (press once to advance one position, hold down for automatic advance) Executes playback instructions. Recalls cursor {in case it is not displayed during program operation; recalls to right of colon) 10 Key Function ie3) © Shifts cursor to the left. © For other functions, the same as the C=] key. (ins) @ Inserts one space ( [= appears) of 1-step capacity between the address (N) indicated by the cursor and the preceding address (N—1). ® Deletes the contents of the address (N) indicated by the cursor. @ Enters a program line into the Computer. @ Use when writing in programs or reserve programs (function as above). @ Requests manual calculation or direct execution of a COMMAND statement by the Computer. @ Enters a restart instruction after inputting data required by an INPUT statement or after executing a PRINT statement. The (1) , (7) and keys have the following functions, depending on designated modes, as well as the state of the Computer. Mode State 77) @ Power off To power-on RUN Program being BREAKs or executed (program is DEF temporarily INPUT statement being | To display program | To execute interrupted) executed PRINT statement just now executed Under BREAK line being executed or already executed, hold this key down debugging opera- tion To execute the next line Error condition during executing program To display error- producing line, hold this key down. To clear com- pletely PRO (When program line is not being displayed ; e.g. such as when changing to PRO mode) PRINT statement just To display the Same as left now executed interrupted line Under BREAK Error has been cleared | To display program | Same as left with any key other than the key line in which the error occurred To clear com- pletely 11 Mode State =a) is) (oN) PRO (When program line is being displayed) To display the To display the To clear com- preceeding program | next program line | pletely line RESERVE When a letter or symbol is used in quotations ( "), it is to be considered as a character (input or displayed that way). When the A, S, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, =, Z, X. C, v, B, N, M, or SPC keys are pressed, following the SHFT key, 1. In DEF mode, a program defined with the label of the same character begins execution. 2. In RESERVE mode, a reserve program is recalled or written in. 3. In PRO or RUN mode, the contents reserved by the key is recalled. If nothing is reserved, the symbol of the key is displayed. The key does not function when the Computer is executing a calculation or program. if no key entry is made for about 7 minutes the power is automatically turned off (unless a program operation is pending, etc.). Two templates are supplied with your Computer. Use them to identify the functional operation assigned to the reservable keys or defined programs assigned to the definition keys. Example: Reserved keys (For reservable key information: refer to page 80.) SIN cos TAN ASN ACS ATN LN LOG CLICICICICICLICI LI CIC) RUN NEW MEM INPUT PRINT AxA BxeB CICICICICICILICI! | Example: Program-defined keys (For program-key information defined see page 42.) SIMPSON § ‘COORDINATE MeTHOO” © AVERAGE CONVERSIONS CIFIECICICICICILILI CI CIM COO eI CI eI cL | 12 ~~ SECOND FUNCTION @ You must use the yellow SHFT key to operate the functions printed above each key. When you press this key, SHFT will appear in the display. If you press this key in error, press it a second time and SHFT will disappear. A Example: > "A is entered. In this Manual, we'll always show the keys’ second functions as follows; N > Your TRS-80 Pocket Computer has four modes: DEFinable, RUN, PROgram and RESERVE program. Set mode by pressing the {ood key. 9 Definable mode (DEF): The defined program execution mode. Perform defined program calculations with this mode. Run mode (RUN): The calculation execution mode. Perform program or manual calculations with this mode. Program mode (PRO): The program writing mode. Enter programs when in this mode. Reserve program mode (RESERVE): The reserve program writing mode. Enter reserve programs when in this mode. The Moog key changes the mode in the following sequence: DEF RUN PRO RESERVE ————, Press — {aoog) 13 @ DISPLAY Your Pocket Computer has a 24-digit dot matrix liquid crystal display. Display when the power is on or when the mode is changed: Angular symbol (DEG RAD GRAD) Mode symbol (DEF RUN PRO RESERVE) DEG RUN Battery indicator (batteries are OK as jong as this is on) L_ prompt symbol (shows that the Computer is waiting for a key input) @ When you turn on the power the first time after battery replacement, the prompt symbol, DEG and RUN will appear. ®@ When you switch it on other times, the Computer will display the prompt symbol, along with the angular symbol! and mode symbol which was last displayed (just before power was turned off, either with or by automatic power-off). ®@ When you change the Computer program mode (by pressing ™oxd key), the Computer will display the prompt symbol, then the existing angular symbol and the new mode symbol. r @ To change the angular mode (for trigonometric functions), enter the name of the mode you want with the alpha keys. E.g. (0) CE) CG) (8) (€) CEI for DEG,CR) (A) (0) 1) (NJ for RAD and (G(R) (A) (0) for GRAD mode. Display when you input an ‘expression’ etc. with the keys. 1. RUN mode: RUN . tL cursor {indicating the position of next entry) 2. RESERVE mode: RESERVE . Loe rsor © If you input more than 24 characters, the display ‘‘rolls’’ over to the left to provide a space to display the new input. (A maximum of 80 characters can be entered per line. The characters which disappear to the left are not “‘lost’’, just not being displayed.) 14 Display of recalled information 1, RUN mode: becursor (If the position indicated by the cursor has a character, a block will alternately flash with the character in that position.) 2. PRO mode: DEG PRO . Line number (Displays the line number of the program. Refer to page 31) Display of calculation result 1. Normal Display GRAD RUN . 2. Scientific notation DEG RUN . Mantissa Exponent @ Calculation results are always displayed at the right. Display of Error condition 1. Manual calculation Leger code 2. Programmed calculation DEG RUN . oh aon on of oS s 8 om Boe oR ROR ow oR on OR [ Loeror code Line number (Displays the line number in which an error is detected.) 15 Display of Symbols e Shift symbol (Appears when the SHFT key is pressed.) Angular symbol [ [~ Mode symbol SHFT DEG RAD GRAD DEF RUN PRO RESERVE 4 Battery indicator Angular symbols DEG: Appears when DEGree mode is set. RAD: Appears when RADian mode is set. GRAD: Appears when GRAD mode is set. Mode symbols DEF: Appears when the DEFinable mode is set. RUN: Appears when the RUN mode is set. PRO: Appears when the PROgram mode is set. RESERVE: Appears when the RESERVE mode is set. @ Battery indicator The battery indicator is a dot located in the upper right corner of the display. When this dot dissappears, the batteries must be replaced. See page 89. Number of input characters When you enter numbers, characters and instructions into the Computer (via the keyboard) this data is stored in an input buffer. When you press the Ges) key, the Computer executes @ the instructions as required. The input buffer can hold up to a maximum of 80 characters. When you have entered 80 characters into the input buffer (i.e. 80 characters on a “‘single line’) the cursor will flash in the last display position. Further inputs will merely change this last position. A manual calculation will not be correctly executed if it contains more than 80 characters {including =] key). This Computer displays a number in the normal manner or with scientific notation system. Numbers in programmed calculations are displayed according to the designated format, but in manual calculations, numbers within the following range are displayed in the normal manner, and other numbers are displayed in scientific notation. Range of numbers displayed in the normal manner: —9999999999 <x <-1x 10° x=0 1x 107° <x < 9999999999 @ Within the range shown above, if a mumber can not be displayed in the normal manner the display is automatically changed over to scientific notation. Ex, i 78 > 1.2345678 x 10-4 A calculation result is displayed in either the normal manner or scientific notation, but it is @ stored in the memory in the form of Ax 108 (1<1Al<9.999999999, -99 < B< 99) 1 oras 0. 6 INPUTTING DATA ® To input a number to the Calculator, press or (~) key first to input a sign, and then a numeric key or the decimal point key. (The operation of the key can be omitted.) To input a number in the scientific notation system (A x 108), input the mantissa, press the {€xp) key and input the exponent. Example: —12.345> (J) 4) 2) @) Cf) Gj 67x 108 + (6) Eze) -912x100*- | w Be SB To input data with a mantissa over 10 digits, the most significant 10 digits will be displayed, but internal calculations are performed using all the data input. Example: 1234567898765 > displayed as 1.234567898 x 10!” 9.87654321234 > displayed as 9.876543212 0.0000000002345678 > displayed as 2.345678 x 107!° 0.00001234567 24> displayed as 1.234567 x 101° For the exponent, the last 2 entries are effective. Example: 3 123 > displayed as 3 x 107 4 (=) 3210 > displayed as 4 x 107!° More on inputting data when we get to programming. COMPU ION RAN : The computing range is —9.999999999 x 10° to —1 x 10°”, 0 and 1 x 10° to 9.999999999 x 10°. Any calculation results outside of this range will result in an overflow error or 0. (See the illustration below.) —9,999999999x 10" —1x10%° 0 1x10%? 9.999999999x 10" 00 | | poo Computation Regarded Computation E Error range as 0 range rror 17 MANUAL 1. What is a manual calculation? Normally you'll program the Pocket Computer in the PRO mode and execute programs in the RUN or DEF mode. For problems that don’t need programming, you can Input the necessary data in the RUN (or DEF) mode and obtain immediate answers. This is called the Direct Execution mode or you might prefer to call it the manual calculation mode. General form (Expression) Example: 5 4 Input an expression and press the key. The Computer wil! show the answer for the expres- sion. @ Manual calculations given in the following examples are executed in the RUN mode. Set the Computer to the RUN mode by pressing the key. (The symbo! “RUN” will appear on the display.) An Expression is composed of the following instructions: @ Constant wc O~D, °, 7, Exp @ Sign .. . wtp r e Arithmetic operator +, —, & (Multiplication), / {Division}, A (Power) @ Logic operator ... =, > <, >=, <=, <> @ Functions . SIN, COS, TAN, ASN, ACS, ATN, LN, LOG, EXP, INT, ABS, Si Parenthesis .. @ Memories An “Expression’’ can be made by combining these instructions according to a mathematical formula. A mathematical formula is defined as an ’‘Expression’’, even if it is composed only of constants or memories. (Eg. 12, 7, A, etc): 2. For arithmetic calculations Addition and subtraction Example: 7—9+14= —4.2+5-12.3= Operation Display Note RUN mode (elo 719 C514 7-94+14_ Expression (Bre) 12. Ans. (el) (=) 4.2495 (£9 12.3 —4, 2+5-12. 3_ Expression (ore) -11.5 Ans. 18 Multiplication and division NOTE: In the BASIC language Example: * is used for Multiplication / is used for Division IE is used for Exponent Operation Display Note 12 (49 24075 12x24/5_ Expression 57.6 Ans. (CL) 27 (Exe) 3 (#1 4079 12 27E3*4/12_ Expression 9000. — Ans. Mixed calculation Example: Operation Display Note (CE) 5403 24.3 116.49 | 54424. 3*16. 49_ (7)3.4(=)37.4 | 54424, 3x16. 49/73. 4-37. 4_ 134. 455 Note that multiplication and division have priority over addition and subtraction (that is, multipli- cation and division functions are performed before addition and subtraction). To control priority of calculation functions, use parentheses as noted later on in these examples. When utilizing a displayed result in subsequent calculations. In each of the above examples, the key is pressed first. This operation is intended to clear the preceding operations or the results of calculations. If you want to use a calculation result for continued calculations start the next calculation without pressing the key. Example 34+45 woe . . P 3 The result of (1) is incorporated into the expression (2), thus —8+6= calculation 3 + 4 — 5 +6 = is accomplished with the display of an intermediate answer. Operation Display Note (eL13 C#) 4 (pre 7. (The result of () pa ED 7. The result of (1) , (7) is _ incorporated into the 5 6) 7. ~5+6_ next calculation (2). 8. L_ After completing a calculation, if you press keys such as ,e),&, just before inputting another (or further) expression, the preceding calculation result is incorporated as data for the next calculation. 19 3. Power calculations Example: 4A 3= (45=) SAB.2K4A24= (37K 4**=) AA3A2= (4*%=) Operation Display Note 4 (ser CAD 3 43 _ Expression 64. Ans. 3 SA) 3.2 343. 2x_ Expression 4 wr(AV 2.4 | 3873. 2* 472. 4_ 936. 9836103 Ans. 4 (suet) CA) 3 Suet} CA) 2 4*372_ Expression 262144. Ans. Note that power calculations have priority over the four arithmetic calculations. This is due to the calculation Also note that powers of a negative number do not compute. process used by the Pocket Computer. 4. Calculations with parentheses Calculations can be performed by using the (C) and [7] keys in the same manner as you use parentheses in mathematical formulas. Example: (72+9)/4 *(21* 168/(7—3)+2))= Operation Display Note (et) CO7204 9 43 | (7249) 74*_ TIA GACO 687 | (7 24+9) 44% (21% (684% (7 _ C2130 4412039099 | +9) 74% (21% (687 (7-3) +2)) _ (ere) 8079. 75 Ans. The use of parentheses results in different calculation sequences as follows. Take special care when multiplying, dividing or extracting square roots. B Ata A+B A+B/C (A+B)/C > A/CXD L BF OB o A/(C*D) > A/B/C t Oln|> Olar> AA(B4C) > v/-A+B > VA+B Vv CA+B) 2 VAFB vAkB > BVA ¥ (A*B) ~ VAB AkB+C - AB+C A*(B+C) > ACB+C) 20 5. Scientific functions Your TRS-80 Pocket Computer permits functions to be calculated just the same as in standard @ mathematic formulas. ®@ When performing a functional calculation of a constant or memory, use following form: SIN 30 or SIN A. in other cases use parentheses such as LN (AB) or SIN (77/2). Angle mode The angular mode is designated by the following: Degree mode: (D)CE](G)(R)CEJCED (“DEG" will appear at the top of the display.) Radian mode: (CR) (AJ (D)Ci CA (CN) (“RAD" will appear) Grad mode: Ce] 7 (49 (’GRAD" will appear) Trigonometric functions (SIN, COS, TAN) Examples: S| N 30= (sin30=) Set the angular mode to “DEG”. COS (x/4)= (cos=) RAD mode TAN 150= (tan150=) GRAD mode Operation | Display Note DEG ( DICT RICE Cela “DEG” | [S72 CN) 30 SIN30_ i 0.5 SIN 30° RAD ( (RICAIDIO CAIN aes) ) CejC0j 08) 0 SFG) COS (r_ “RAD” 400 |) COS (/4) _ @ 7. 071067812E-01 | COS Fmd) GRAD ({@)CRITAICO em) “GRAD” (7) C49 1D 150 TAN150_ -1. TAN 150° Inverse trigonometric functions (ASN, ACS, ATN) Example: ASN—-0.5= (sin-'(—0.5)=) Set angular mode to DEG ACS (-0.5+0.1)= (cos-'(—0.5+0.1)=) Set angular mode to RAD ATN 7/3)= (tan'Z=) Set angular mode to GRAD ASN: Arcsine ACN: Arccosine ATN: Arctangent Operation Display Note EG Set DEG (OCICS 16 ASN-. 5- mode -30. C°) RADSAIEICSIC I 3.5 ACS (-. 5_ cio | acs C. 5+. 4) _ Set RADIAN 1. 982313173 (rad) GRAD (AIGU0NjC7 ATN (7_ Zi | ATN (773) _ Set GRAD 74. 22378832 () ) 21 Logarithmic functions (LN, LOG) Examples: LN7.4= (In7.4=) Note: In X= loggX : Natural logarithm LOG100= (leg100=) log X = log39X: Common togarithm Operation Display Note [NJ7.4 LN7. 4_ eves} 2. 00148 Ans. (4)(C0}(69 100 LOG100_ ren, 2. Ans. Exponential function (EXP) Example: EXP—13.6= (e7'**) Note: EXP is anti-logarithm of LN Operation Display Note CENCE =13.6 | EXP -13. 6_ [eres] 1.24049508E-06 Ans. Roots Examples: Vv 73= (/B=) vv 056= (//%§=V256=) V-(3*3+4*4)= (Y37+47 =) Operation Display Note 3B | Vv 73. fore) 8. 544003745 Ans. 256 | vv 256_ 4. Ans. C3 | 3x 34044 | y-(3*34+4%4) _ 5. Ans. Angle conversions (DMS, DEG) DMS: Decimal degrees > Degrees/minutes/seconds When converting decimal degrees to degrees/minutes/seconds, the answer is displayed as follows: integer portion = degrees; 1st and 2nd decimal digits = minutes; 3rd and 4th digits = seconds; and any remaining decimal digits are decimal degrees. DEG: Degrees/minutes/seconds > Decimal degrees To convert an angle given in degrees/minutes/seconds to its decimal equivalent, it must be entered as integer and decimal numbers as noted above. Example: Convert 15.4125° to its degree/minute/second equivalent. Convert 15°24’45" to its decimal equivalent. 22 Operation _ Display Note ® (BOW 7S7 15.4125 DMS15. 4125_ / 15. 2445 15° 24" 45° CODE 3069 15.2445 DEG15. 2445_ 15. 4125 18.4125" Integer (INT) The integer (INT) function converts numerical values to the next lowest integer value: 12.34 becomes 12.; and —2.45 becomes —3. Examples: | NT (65/3)= INT (-0.3)= Operation Display Note CORD ICD § 73 INT (6573) _ 21. CONE ).3 INT -. 3 41. Sign function (SGN) The SGN function takes the following values for numerical values of X. (That is, it returns a —1 for all negative values, zero for 0 and a +1 for all positive values.) +1 if X>0 Oo if X=0 -1 if X<o Example: SGN (5—9) = Operation Display . Note CSIT@IGNCO 5(=1909 | SGN (5-9) _ —1. Absolute value (ABS) The ABS function finds the absolute value |X! ofa numerical value X. (In simple terms we might say it strips the sign from a number.) Example: ABS (5-9)= (15-—9|=) Operation Display Note UBIS30I5EI9IO7 | ABS (5-9) _ 4. 23 & 6. Logic functions These functions return 1 when an expression composed using logic operators (=, >, <,>=,<= and < >) is true, and 0 when false. in other words, x O y (0 is a logic operator) gives us either a 1 or a 0 depending on the relationship of x and y. Logic operator =* lifx=y, 0 if xF#y. > lifx>y Oifx<y < Vifx<y Oifx ay >= lifx>y Oifx<yp <= lifxsy Oifx>y 1 if x#y <> Oifx=y Note: < > has the same meaning as #. %* If you want to use a logical expression relating to contents of a memory (variable name) you must use the following form: ( expression ) = [memory/variable name]. tf you use [memory/ variable name] = ( expression ) the Computer will treat the statement as a normal assignment statement; e.g. A = ¢ expression). (Relational equations in IF statements, are not subject to this exception; i.e. they function normally.) Examples: (54+8)>(3*4)= (24/8) <=(2.4* 2)= Operation Display i Note | CO54)8 OAS) (5+8) > _ O)3G040 (5+8)> (3*4) _ 4. Answer C475 Ose) (24/75) (=_ 92.4 G20 (24/78) (= (2, 4*2) _ 4. Answer Notes: Logical expressions (AND) and (OR) can be executed using the following form of logical computa- tions. @ Logical OR (logical computation) + (logical computation) Example: (A<0) + (A> 8) (B >0) +(C>0) 1 is returned if A is smaller than 0 or larger than 8. 1 is returned if B or C is larger than O and 2 is returned if both B and C are larger than 0. @ Logical AND (logical computation) * (togical computation) Example: (B> 1)x*(B<6) 1 is returned if B is larger than 1 and smaller than 6. 24 7, Calculations using memories The TRS-80 Pocket Computer has two types of data memories: fixed memory (26 in all) and @ flexible memory. In this section we'll give examples of calculations using fixed memories. (For details, refer to page 45.) Specifying memories @ The fixed memories are given labels A through Z (each being specified by the CA] through (Zz) keys). Example: When memory A is loaded with 4 and memory B with 5. Ce BGIGE 2 ea 417, (.° 4 bee) COI GIG > 3. (B) =) 5 Specifying memories @ The fixed memories A through Z can be used as dimension as specified in the form of A(___). This form is used for storing data in a matrix or array. Example: (AJC) 2 (7) > Memory A (2), namely memory B, is specified. IO 2 30 ~> Memory A (5), namely memory E, is specified. Input to the memories Numerical values and others are input to the memories in the following forms. General form [memory] [=] (expression ) Example: (AU(=) 5 E16 ~ Loading the answer of 5 * 6 (30) into memory A C2) I) Beren} > Loading the contents of memory A plusmemory B into memory Y. (AIC 2600 =) 3 ie} > Loading the answer of 3 + 9 (12) into memory A (26) (memory Z). @ When the memories are loaded with new data, they are automatically cleared of their previous contents. Recalling the memory contents The memory contents are recalled using the following form. General form [memory] Example: [A] > Recalling the contents of memory A TOCO 18 OF > Recalling the contents of memory A (18) (memory R) 8. Successive designation of expressions in manual calculation In manual calculations, you can designate and solve two or more expressions in succession by separating them with a comma. However, the computer will display the result of the final execution only. General form « Expression ) (2) (Expression) Sit) (37 ( Expression ) ‘=n : 25 5 87 12 : = = Ca 4 1 = G: Example When A oa" B 34" Cc Fra’ solve A*xB/C Operation Display Note CANCE OICO12E 4 | A=5/ (12-4) _ Sq IBIE 187 AvsenGIA=5/ (12-4), B=87/24, _ TNE NaC? | 7 (12-4), B=87/24, C=127 (7_ G18OSAI | —-4), B=87/24, C=12/7 (748), - CANCE ICET | = 87/24, C=12/7 (74+8), AXB/C_ 2. 83203125 9. Recall function This function permits you to recall (into display) a portion of your original input so you can check and/or edit it. This function is activated by pressing either the (=) or (=<) key right after the key in manual calculations. Example 1: When an execution is finished without an error message: Operation Display Note (AjC=3 1904954 | A=194+54_ 73. &)