Manual / Guide · 1982
TRS-80 PC-2 Operations Manual
The operations manual for the TRS-80 PC-2, Radio Shack's version of the Sharp PC-1500.
Manual / Guide · 1982
The operations manual for the TRS-80 PC-2, Radio Shack's version of the Sharp PC-1500.
ae Radio Shack ee TRS-80 POCKET COMPUTER TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALE AND LICENSE OF RADIO SHACK COMPUTER EQUIPMENT AND SOFTWARE PURCHASED FROM A RADIO SHACK COMPANY-OWNED COMPUTER CENTER. RETAIL STORE OA FROM A RADIO SHACK FRANCHISEE OR DEALER AT ITS AUTHORIZED LOCATIGN LIMITED WARRANTY CUSTOMER OBLIGATIONS A CUSTOMER assumes full responsibility that this Radio Shack computer hardware Purchased (the “Equipment"’}, and any copies of Radio Shack software included with the Equipment or licensed separately (the “Software’') meets the specifications, capacity, capabilities, versatility, and other requirements of CUSTOMER, CUSTOMER assumes full responsibility for the condition and effectiveness of the Operating environment in which the Equipment and Software are to function, and for its installation. ll. RADIO SHACK LIMITED WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS OF SALE AC C O £ For a period of ninety (90) calendar days from the date of the Radio Shack sales document received upon purchase of the Equipment, RADIO SHACK warrants to the original CUSTOMER that the Equipment and the medium upon which the Software is stored is free from manufacturing defects. THIS WARRANTY IS ONLY APPLICABLE TO PURCHASES OF RADIO SHACK EQUIPMENT BY THE ORIGINAL CUSTOMER FROM RADIO SHACK COMPANY-OWNED COMPUTER CENTERS, RETAIL STORES AND FROM RADIO SHACK FRANCHISEES ANO DEALERS AT ITS AUTHORIZED LOCATION. The warranty is void if the Equipment's case or cabinet has been opened, or if the Equipment or Software has been subjected to improper or abnormal use. if a manufacturing defect is discovered during the stated warranty period, the defective Equipment Must be retuned to a Radio Shack Computer Center, 2 Radia Shack retail store, participating Radio Shack franchisee or Radio Shack dealer for repair, along with a copy of the sales cocument or lease agreement. The original CUSTOMER'S sole and exclusive remedy in the event of a defect |s limited to the correction of the defect by repair. replacement, or refund of the purchase price, at RADIO SHACK’S election and sole expense. RADIO SHACK has no obligation to replace or repair expendable items. RADIO SHACK makes no warranty as to the design, capability, capacity, or suitability for use of the Software, except as provided in this paragraph. Software is licensed on an “AS IS” basis, without warranty. The original CUSTOMER'S exclusive remedy, in the event of a Software manufacturing defect, is its repair or replacement within thirty (30) calendar days of the date of the Radio Shack sales document received upon license of the Software. The defective Software shall be returned to a Radio Shack Computer Center, a Radio Shack retail store, participating Radio Shack franchisee or Radio Shack dealer along with the sales document. Except as provided herein no employee, agent, franchisee. dealer or other person is authorized ta give any warranties of any nature on behalt of RADIO SHACK Except as provided herein, RADIO SHACK MAKES NO WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Some states co not aliow fimitations on how long an implied warranty lasts. so the above limitation(s) may net apply to CUSTOMER, MW LIMITATION OF LIABILITY A EXCEPT AS PROVIDED HEREIN, RADIO SHACK SHALL HAVE NO LIABILITY 08 RESPONSIBILITY TO CUSTOMER OR ANY OTHER PERSON OR ENTITY WITH RESPECT TO ANY LIABILITY, LOSS OR DAMAGE CAUSED OR ALLEGED TO BE CAUSED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY BY “EQUIPMENT " OR "SOFTWARE" SOLD, LEASED, LICENSED OR FURNISHED BY RADIO SHACK, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY INTERRUPTION OF SERVICE, LOSS OF BUSINESS OR ANTICIPATORY PRGFITS OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM THE USE OR OPERATION OF THE “EQUIPMENT” OR “SOFTWARE'’. IN NG EVENT SHALL RADIO SHACK BE LIABLE FOR LOSS OF PROFITS, OR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF ANY BREACH OF THIS WARRANTY OR IN ANY MANNER ARISING QUT OF OR CONNECTED WITH THE SALE, LEASE, LICENSE, USE OR ANTICIPATED USE OF THE "EQUIPMENT" OR “SOFTWARE” NOTWITHSTANDING THE ABOVE LIMITATIONS AND WARRANTIES, RADIO SHACK'S LIABILITY HEREUNDER FOR DAMAGES INCURRED BY CUSTOMER OR OTHERS SHALL NOT EXCEEO THE AMOUNT PAID BY CUSTOMER FOR THE PARTICULAR “EQUIPMENT OR “SOFTWARE™ INVOLVED. RADIO SHACK shall not be liable for any damages caused by delay in delivering or furnishing Equipment and/or Software. No action arising out of any claimed breach of this Warranty or transactions under this Warranty may be brought mere than two (2) years after the cause of action has accrued or more than four (4) years after the date of the Radio Shack sales document for the Equipment or Software, whichever first occurs D. Some states do not aliow the limitation or exclusion of incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitation(s} or exclusion(s) may not apply to CUSTOMER RADIO SHACK SOFTWARE LICENSE RADIO SHACK grants to CUSTOMER a non-exclusive, paid-up license to use the RADIO SHACK Software on one computer, subject to the following provisions: Except as otherwise provided in this Software License, applicable copyright laws shall apply to the Software. 8. Title to the medium on which the Software is recorded (cassette and/or diskette) or stored (ROM) is transferred to CUSTOMER. but not title to the Software. CUSTOMER may use Software on one host computer and access that Software through one or more terminals if the Software permits this function CUSTOMER shall not use, make, manufacture, or reproduce copies of Software except for use on one computer and as is specifically provided in this Software License. Customer is expressly prohibited ‘from disassembling the Software CUSTOMER is permitted to make additional capies of the Software only for backup or archivat purposes or if additional copies are required in the operation of one computer with the Software, but only to the extent the Software allows a backup copy to be made. However, for TRSDOS Software, CUSTOMER is permitted to make a limited number of additional copies for CUSTOMER'S own use. CUSTOMER may resell or distribute unmodified copies of the Software provi¢ed CUSTOMER has purchased one copy of the Software for each Brey or distributed. The provisions of this Software License shall also be applicable to third parties receiving copies of the Software from CUSTOMER. G. All copyright notices shali be retained on all copies of the Software APPLICABILITY OF WARRANTY A. The terms and conditions of this Warranty are applicable as between RADIO SHACK and CUSTOMER to either a sale of the Equipment and/or Software License to CUSTOMER or to a transaction whereby RADIO SHACK sells or conveys such Equipment to a third party for lease to CUSTOMER. The limitations of liability and Warranty provisions herein shali inure to the benefit of RADIO SHACK, the author, owner and/or ticensor of the Software and any manufacturer of the Equipment sold by RADIO SHACK. STATE LAW RIGHTS The warranties granted herein give the original CUSTOMER specific legal rights, and the original CUSTOMER may have other rights which vary from state to state. ow ee ee A Special Note to Our Customers... To make the TRS-80 PC-2 available to you as quickly as possible, we're providing this Owner’s Manual which will explain how to use the PC-2. Throughout this manual, we’ve made reference to the book ‘’TRS-80 PC-2 Programming Guide’ (optional/extra). This manual, which should be available in the Summer of 1982, will be a comprehensive PC-2 BASIC Programming Manual. In the meantime, many of your programming questions can be answered by referring to another Radio Shack book called ‘Problem Solving on the TRS-80 Pocket Computer” (Catalog number 62-2312). Thank you, Radio Shack To Our Customers... Besides being one of the smallest computers that Radio Shack provides, the TRS-80 PC-2 is one of the most powerful and versatile computers of its size available anywhere. Its powerful capabilities, as well as its ‘“expandability’’, make it the ideal personal computer for business, scientific, engineering, or personal use. In spite of its size and power, however, the Pocket Computer can be quite simple to use. In fact, you can determine just how technical a machine you want it to be. At its simplest level of operation, you can use Radio Shack cassette programs, RAM Modules, or ROM Modules. All you will need to know is how to load and run a cassette program or insert a program cartridge into the Computer. At a slightly more involved level of operation, you may want to write your own programs. If you are a beginner, read this operation manual, then read a PC-2 programming guide. lf, however, you are already an experienced programmer and are familiar with BASIC, read this operation manual. For your convenience, we ve included a Language Reference Summary in the appendix which lists PC-2 commands, their syntax, and examples of use. About This Manual This manual contains operating instructions for the PC-2. The Language Reference Summary includes only those commands which can be used by the Computer when it is not connected to an optional device (such as Printer/ Cassette Interface). For a description of the commands which can be used with an optional device, see that peripheral’s operation manual. For instructions on programming the Computer, see a PC-2 programming manual. Contents Customer Information. 2.0.0.0... tenner ene ened eens 3 Welcome to the World of Pocket Computing! 2.0.0.0... 00 cece eee tent e tent ene enenes 4 1/Description of the Pocket Computer. .... 00... ccc cece eee tnt nee eee btn ene ene 5 Keyboard Display Rear Panel 2/Setting Up the Pocket Computer... 0... ccc ce teen ene e een e bene nen eee 13 Starting-Up Battery Installation External Power Supply 3/Using the Pocket Computer... 0.0... et ee tee nee nen een eee n ee eees 19 Using the Keyboard The PC-2 As A Calculator PC-2 BASIC 4/Care and Maintenance . 0.0... ec een en nnn e ene tne teen teens 87 5/Specifications. 0... eee nn ee ee eee e ee eee eens 89 Appendix A/Language Reference Summary ........0. 00: e cee eee te tee e eee ete nent e ents 91 Appendix B/Error Codes. 0.0... eee ene etn e tenet en ee tenet teen eee 103 Customer Information Welcome to the World of Pocket Computing! The TRS-80 PC-2 system consists of: e A66-Key keyboard for inputting programs and data into the Computer. © A 26-character Display to exhibit data results and other information. The Display can also be used to exhibit graphics (7 X 156 dot pattern). e Anexpanded BASIC Language that includes graphic commands. e A CMOS microprocessor with more power than the mammoth computers of a few years ago. e Read Only Memory (ROM) which contains the BASIC language. e Random Access Memory (RAM) for storage of programs and data even when the Computer is turned off (amount is expandable up to 24K, optional/extra). e Expansion area for plug-in of optional RAM, ROM, or combination RAM/ROM Modules. e A Cassette/Printer Interface for long-term storage and hard-copy output of programs and data (optional/extra). Requires a separate cassette recorder (optional/extra) for cassette storage. e Battery powered for portable operation or DC power adaptor (optional/extra). 1/Description of the Pocket Computer Before using the PC-2, it’s important that you become familiar with it. Carefully read the following section. ® @ @ es || oP 6) @ © ® @ @ @ @ |@ @@ @ @|-G Figure 1. PC-2 (Front View) 5 (1) QFE) @ Ow (3) OEF When you're ready to turn the Computer OFF, press this key. Turns the PC-2 ON. If pressed while you are running a program, execution will ‘‘break’’ (inter- rupt). Allows you to execute programs at line numbers which have had certain keys assigned to them as the first character of the line. Other keys permanently act as command keys after (EF) is pressed. For instance, if C@) is pressed, the command INPUT will be displayed. @) CF1) ~ Function Keys. These keys are reserved for your use. You can assign to them any values, (©) GHIFT) commands, or statements you desire. When is pressed before any of the Function Keys, the character above the key will be used. In Lowercase Option Mode (SMALL), any alpha-key pressed after this key will be uppercase. In Normal (uppercase) Mode, any alpha-key pressed after this key will be lowercase. Press this key before pressing key which has a character above it and the character above it will be displayed. @) G) ~@_ Alphabet keys. @ CD) ~ C9) Number keys. Ones Division Key. Allows you to divide numeric values. Pressing before pressing this key will display a question mark (?). Multiplication Key. Allows you to multiply numeric values. Pressing before pressing this key will produce a colon (:). CA @ €bD @ Wooe) @ ocd ® a) CSML) @8) CG) Subtraction Key. Allows you to subtract numeric values. Pressing before pressing this key will produce a comma (,). Addition Key. Allows you to add numeric values. Pressing before pressing this key produce a semicolon (;). Clear Key. Pressing this key will clear the Display and “‘release’’ errors. Pressing before pressing will activate the CA (reset) function. This will clear the display and reset the Com- puter. Pressing this key will specify either the RUN or PROgram Operation Mode. Pressing will specify RESERVE operation mode. Parentheses Keys. Pressing before pressing these keys will produce the Greater Than/Less Than symbols. Display previous program line. Pressing before pressing this key will produce a square root (,/_) sign and allow you to compute the square root of a numeric value. Display next program line. Pressing before pressing this key will produce a Pl ( 7 ) sign and allow you to use a stored value of PI in your computations. Lowercase Option Key. Press once and lowercase (small) letters will be used. Press again and normal (uppercase alpha-) character display will be used. Reserve Mode Change. Since each of the six Function Keys can be assigned values in each of three modes —— I/II/II] — pressing this key will move the Computer to the next Reserve Mode. 7 @) Ewen DEL @) Ga) INS. @ Recall Key. Pressing this key one will display the function key menu for the current reserve mode (I/I/U1), Pressing this key again will recall the contents of the original display. Spacerbar Key. Pressing this key will advance the Cursor, leaving a blank space. Press (SHIFT) before pressing this key and the Exponential symbol will be produced and allow you to raise a numeric expression to a power. When you press this key, whatever you previously typed will “enter” the Computer’s memory. This key is similar to the Carriage Return key on a typewriter. You must press before the PC-2 will accept alphanumeric input from the keyboard. Backspace Key. This key allows you to move the Cursor to the left without erasing previously typed characters. Pressing before pressing this key will DELete whatever character the Cursor is ‘‘on top of.”” Forward Key. Pressing this key allows you to move the Cursor to the right without erasing pre- viously typed characters. Pressing before pressing this key will allow INSertion of characters directly before the character the Cursor is ‘‘on top of.” Printer/Cassette Interface Connector Cover. Remove the Cover to attach the PC-2 to the Printer/Cassette Interface. See Printer/Cassette Interface owner’s manual for details. (And attach the Cover to the bottom of the Interface so you won't lose it!) + + + 4 + an a + BUSY SHIFT SMALL DEG RUN DEF I . Figure 2, Sample PC-2 Display @) BUSY Program Execution Indicator. This Indicator is on during program execution. When program execution is complete, the Indicator goes off. The PC-2 will not turn off (manually by pressing or automatically after seven minutes) when the BUSY Indicator is on. @ SHIFT — Shift Key Indicator. This Indicator is on whenever has been pressed. Press any key (except or ) and the Indicator will go off. 3) SMALL Lowercase Option Indicator. This Indicator is on whenever the Computer is in Lowercase Option Mode (the Computer can display either upper- or lowercase letters). Press to turn the Indi- cator On; press again to turn off. @ Angular Measurement Indicator. This Indicator will display the current unit of angle for the input of trigono- metric functions: DEG for ‘degrees.’ (To compute in degrees, type DEGREE ); RAD for “radians.” (To compute in radians, type RADIAN ); GRAD for ‘‘gradients.’’ (To compute in gradients, type GRAD ). The Computer will use a measurement mode until you tell it to do otherwise. 6) Operation Mode Indicator. This Indicator will display RUN when you are in the RUN Mode. You must be in RUN Mode to execute (“run”) programs or perform manual calculations (use the Computer like a calculator). This Indicator will display PRO when you are in PROgram Mode. You must be in PRO Mode to enter programs into the Computer’s memory. Press (MODE) to go from one mode to the other. Press GHIFT) (MODE) and the Indicator will display RESERVE. In this mode, you may assign values, commands, or statements to the Function Keys as well as set up Function Key menus. 6) DEF Definable Mode Indicator. This Indicator lights up when you press . When the PC-2 is in the RUN mode, pressing followed by a program label key (see Table 2) will allow you to runa labeled program. In any mode, pressing followed by a command instruction key (see Table 1) allows easy use of keywords. iO) L/II/IIl | Reserve Mode Indicator. This Indicator tells you which Reserve Mode the PC-2 is in. To change modes, press (2) . All six Function Keys ( ~ ) can be defined in each of the three modes (I/II/III) for a total of 18 different values. e Battery Indicator. As long as this Indicator is ON, the Computer has sufficient power to operate. When this Indicator is OFF, the Computer's batteries are too “low” to insure correct operation. Replace them or connect the Computer to an external power supply. 10 (lo ie) ® @ ® Figure 3. PC-2 (Rear Panel) @) o RAM/ROM Module Slot. Insert RAM or ROM Modules into this slot. See your RAM/ROM Module user’s guide for specific details. (2) ALL RESET Button. If the PC-2 ever ‘‘hangs up, ’ use a ball-point pen to press this button while pressing ON) . Hold the button and key down for about 15 seconds. Be aware, however, that memory will be erased (I.E. you’ll lose any programs in memory). © © Identification Tag. Place the permanently adhesive Identification Tag here. Battery Cover. Remove this Cover to gain access to the batteries which supply power to the PC-2. Be careful not to lose the screw which secures the Cover; it is not attached to the Cover when removed. External Power Supply Jack. If you have an external power supply adaptor (optional/extra), plug it in here. 12 2/Setting Up the Pocket Computer Start-Up To turn the PC-2 on, simply press the key. The Computer should respond with the Ready prompt ( > ) and indicators that tell you: e If the Computer was last used to compute degrees, radians, or gradients. e Which Operation Mode the Computer is in (PROgram, RUN, or RESERVE Mode). @ Which of the three Reserve Modes (I, II, or III) has been selected. @ Whether or not there’s enough battery power to use the Computer. On start-up, the PC-2 uses all mode settings that were being used when the Computer was turned off. For instance: SHIFT SMALL DEG RUN I ° Figure 4. Sample Display On Start-Up an When the Computer is turned on, there are four different power-up messages which can be displayed: PRO I . This message can appear on power-up after: @ Turning the Computer on for the first time. e Battery replacement. e Pressing ALL RESET. To clear the Display and begin computing: Press . Be sure you are in PROgram Mode. If not, press until PRO is displayed. Type: NEWO . Press | The PC-2 will then be in RESERVE Mode. Type: NEW TaRwn> This procedure will clear the PC-2’s Main and Auxiliary memory areas. DEG PRO DEF IT . 14 If this message appears, it means that one of the peripheral devices (such as a Printer/Cassette Interface) is not Operating properly. Press (CL) to clear the display and continue computing. DEG RUN I . | The Display will look like this on normal power-on and when optional devices or memory modules are connected. DEG PRO bi . This is a sample display. Whenever the PC-2 turns itself off automatically (when the PC-2 has not been busy and a key has not been pressed for seven minutes), press to turn the Computer back on. When you do so, the previous display will appear. Note: If the ARUN statement is used as the first command in a program, the PC-2 can start up with the BUSY Indicator ON. If you press while a program is running, it serves as a BREAK key. The program will stop execution and display the line number at which the “break” took place. Press and the portion of the program line that had just executed will re-appear. Press again, and the next program step will execute. Type CONT to continue program execution after a break. 15 Turning the Computer OFF When you're ready to turn the PC-2 OFF, press the @FF) key. The Display will then clear (be erased). If the BUSY indicator is on, press BREAK before pressing . When it is turned off, the PC-2 remembers programs, mode settings, Definable Keys, etc. that were being used when the Computer was turned on. When you turn the Computer back ON, those settings will be displayed and the program will be in memory. (The PC-2 forgets only when you remove the batteries without first connecting an external power supply or when you clear memory!). Note: You cannot turn the Computer off when the BUSY light is on. Battery Installation We suggest you use Radio Shack Type AA Alkaline batteries (Radio Shack Catalog Number 23-552). To install the batteries: 1. If you wish to preserve the contents of memory, connect the PC-2 to an optional external power supply. 2. Place the PC-2 upside down on a soft, non-abrasive surface (such as a foam rubber pad). 3. Use a coin to carefully loosen the small screw which holds the Battery Cover in place. (Do not lose the screw!) 4. Slide the Cover sideways until it is free from the Computer. 5. Insert four Type AA alkaline batteries into place, matching the battery outline (in the battery slot of the Computer) with the actual shape of the battery. (Place the ‘‘spring’’ against the bottom (‘‘—’’) end of the battery.) 6. Replace the Cover and tighten the screw. If you used an external power supply, disconnect it from the PC-2 before turning the Computer ON. (If the Battery Indicator does not come on, check to make sure the batteries are installed properly.) Then press ALL RESET (on the back of the Computer). The message NEWO?: CHECK will be displayed. Press and the Ready prompt ( > ) will appear. External Power Supply The PC-2 can be used with external power supply sources (optional/extra) such as the one provided with the PC-2 PRINTER/CASSETTE INTERFACE (26-3605). The PC-2 will not “recognize” that an external power source is connected to it until the adaptor is plugged into the Computer (on the right side of the PC-2) and into a wall outlet. The Battery Indicator light should be ON whenever an external power source is connected to the Computer. If it is not ON, the power supply could be defective. Disconnect the power supply and see if the Indicator comes ON 47 when the PC-2 is powered by batteries. If the Indicator does not come on, replace the batteries. If the Indicator still does not come on, check with your local Radio Shack store. Note that an external power supply will not recharge the batteries. When the batteries are low, replace them. 3/Using the Pocket Computer You can start using your PC-2 as soon as it’s been turned on. Since many symbols on the PC-2 keyboard are not common to other computers, this section will explain how to use the Computer keyboard. The PC-2 can also be used as a powerful calculator when in the ‘‘immediate’’ (RUN) Mode. When using it this way, the PC-2 has all the features of a memory calculator plus much more! This section will describe how to use the PC-2 as a calculator. We'll also discuss features of PC-2 BASIC Language which are not common to other forms of BASIC. If you’re an experienced programmer, you'll be writing your own programs (including graphics) on the Computer by the time you finish this section. If this is your introduction to computers, you'll be familiar enough with the PC-2 after reading this section to go on to a PC-2 programming guide and write your own programs. 19 Using the Keyboard The PC-2 keyboard allows you to enter all standard text characters as well as many special key functions. GHIET) and Normal vs. Lowercase Option The PC-2 keyboard is usually in Normal (uppercase only) Mode. In this mode, all characters typed on the keyboard will be uppercase. To enter the Lowercase Mode, press _ At this time, the Lowercase Indicator (SMALL) will light up on the Display and all letters entered will be lowercase. To display uppercase letters while in Lowercase Mode, press before pressing a character key. The next (and only the next) character will be displayed as an uppercase letter. Unless you press again, all following letters will continue to be lowercase. To return to Normal Mode, press again. The SMALL light will disappear from the Display and all letters will be uppercase. If you need to display a single lowercase letter while in Norma! Mode, press and then a letter key. The letter specified (and only that letter) will be displayed as a lowercase character. Note: When using lowercase letters, it’s important to note that program instructions (commands such as RUN, etc.) must be uppercase. The PC-2 does not recognize lowercase statements or commands. 20 Clearing the Display and Resetting the Computer The PC-2’s Display may be cleared at any time (except during program execution when the BUSY Indicator is on) simply by pressing the clear key. Pressing {e.g., CA) will reset the Computer. Resetting the Computer by pressing , however, does not mean that the PC-2 will erase all programs and set all variables equal to zero as with most TRS-80's. All it means is that the Display and the memory “‘stack’’ will be cleared. To clear all variables (set them equal to zero), type CLEAR . If you want to erase all programs in memory go to PROgram Mode and type NEW . Don't forget that you can also reset the PC-2 by pressing the ALL RESET Button on the rear panel of the Computer. You may need to do this if the PC-2 ever ‘‘hangs up” and doesn’t recognize any keyboard input. Use a bali-point pen to press ALL RESET (and ) for about 15 seconds. The message: NEWO?: CHECK will appear. Press or to return to the Ready prompt (> ). Operation Modes The PC-2 uses three modes of operation. @ PROgram Mode in which you write and edit BASIC programs. @ RUN Mode in which you can run (execute) BASIC programs or use the PC-2 as a powerful calculator. 94 @ RESERVE Mode where you assign values to Function Keys and set up Function Key menus. The Operation Mode Indicator (on the Display) will tell you which mode the Computer is in. Press the key to enter either PROgram or RUN Mode (the Indicator will change). Press to enter RESERVE Mode. PROgram Mode Whenever the Operation mode Indicator displays PRO, the PC-2 is in the PROgrammable Mode and you can write BASIC programs. The PROgram Mode is used only for writing programs. All program lines must begin with a number between 1 and 65279, followed by a program instruction. (If you’re typing a long program, we suggest you type in the line 65279: END in advance.) You must always press to enter the program line into the Computer’s memory. For instance, type 50 PRINT X . After you press , the Computer will display: 50: PRINT X You cannot use the PC-2 as a calculator (sometimes referred to as “immediate mode calculations’) while it is in PROgram Mode. For example, you cannot instruct the Computer to compute the answer to 2 + 2 when it is in PRO Mode. It will interpret the first ‘2’ as program line number 2 and create a program line consisting of nye In the same sense, if you attempt to enter an alphabet character that has not been assigned a numeric value and that is not preceded by a number (e.g., a line number), the Computer will return a zero (0) on the right side of the Display when you press _ This is just the PC-2’s way of telling you that you entered an invalid entry into 22 its memory. RUN Mode Once programs have been entered into the Computer’s memory, you can run (execute) them in the RUN Mode. To enter the RUN Mode, press until RUN appears on the Display. Then type: RUN . The Com- puter will go to the first program line number in memory and execute it. There are, however, a few ways to begin a program without typing RUN. For instance, you might want to assign the RUN command to a Function Key. Try , Reserve Mode I as an example. (See ~ Function Keys for details.) When F1: is displayed, type RUN . Then go to RUN Mode and press . The Computer will display RUN _. Press and program execution will begin with the first program line in memory. Hint: Assign RUN @ to . When you press (F1) in RUN Mode the program will automatically run without your having to press (ENTER) . When it follows RUN or any other command, the @ sign serves the same purpose as pressing (ENTER) . Another way to RUN a program is to assign Definable Key labels to certain line numbers within a program. (See Definable Keys for more details.) Then, when you want to RUN a specific program, simply press followed by the key label. You will not have to type RUN . The PC-2 can also be used as a calculator (make that a super calculator!) when it is in the RUN Mode. For details on using the PC-2 as a calculator, see Using the PC-2 As A Calculator later in this manual. RESERVE Mode To enter the RESERVE Mode, press . RESERVE will appear on the Display. In this Operation Mode, you can assign commands, statements, or values to any of the Function Keys ( ~ ) in any of the three Reserve Modes (I/IL/III) for a total of 18 different Function Keys. To go from one Reserve Made to another, press C4_) and the Display will change from I to II to III. For instance, can be assigned one value in Reserve Mode I, a different value in Mode II, and still another value in Mode III. To use a Function Key which has two or three values, press C%) to change modes, then press the appropriate Function Key. Any value, statement, or command which the PC-2 recognizes can be assigned to a Function Key. You'll find it most convenient to assign common command statements (such as RUN or TIME) which you might use very frequently. You might also assign long mathematica! functions or command lines to a key. Then, instead of typing them over and over, just put the Computer in the appropriate Reserve Mode and press the proper Function Key. The value assigned to a Function Key can be any number of characters in length up to a maximum of 77. However, the total number of characters for all 18 Function Keys cannot exceed 77. When the maximum number of characters is reached, Error 13 will result. Press _ The value will be assigned and the PC-2 will return to the Ready prompt. 24 If a function key has not been assigned a value and you press it, the symbo! above the key (!, #, $, etc.) will be displayed. To make a Function Key assignment: 1. Be sure you're in the appropriate Function Key Mode (I/II/III) (press C4.) and the Indicator will go from I to II to III). Use I for this example. 2. Press a Function Key ( (F1) ~ ). Use for this example. 3. The Display will show: DEG RESERVE I . “Ti [onset rt 4. Type the characters you want to assign to the key. 5. Press (ENTER) to enter the value. a5 For example, you might want to assign the TIME statement to (F1) . Type TIME @ (Remember that @ will serve the same function as pressing ) and the Computer will display: DEG RESERVE I . [aoe TTR " Press . Whenever the Computer is in PROgram or RUN Mode (and Reserve Mode 1), and you press , the command line will be displayed or executed immediately. In this instance, the PC-2 would display the current time and date as soon as you pressed . Since it’s easy to forget what is stored in a Function Key, the Computer has a couple of ways of reminding you what values are currently assigned. One way is to create a ‘‘menu’’ which displays — all at once —— whatever has been assigned (or abbreviations of what’s been assigned) to Function Keys in a specific Reserve Mode. A menu cannot be more than 25 characters or spaces in length. Consequently, you'll find it a good idea to use abbreviations of one sort or another when creating menus. For instance, a typical menu might be: DEG PRO I bd In this instance, the menu lists the individual Function Keys (1 — 6) along with abbreviations that identify the complete value assigned to a particular key. Once a menu has been entered into the Computer’s memory, you cannot edit or change that menu, To change the menu (e.g., if you add more values to Function Keys), you will have to re-type the entire menu for that Reserve Mode. To set up a menu: 1. Assign values to one or more of the Function Keys. 2. When the > prompt is displayed (and you're in the RESERVE Mode you want —1, II, or III), type a quota- tion mark ("’). 3. Type the value (or an abbreviation) assigned to the keys in the order which they were assigned. 4. When the list is complete, type another quotation mark (’’) and press . Once a menu has been set up, you can access it from either RUN or PROgram Mode, even if you're in the middle of entering a program line. Just press and the menu for the current RESERVE Mode will be displayed. If you want to check another RESERVE Mode, press (4) . To get back to the original program line you were typing in, press again. The Cursor will be positioned exactly where you left off, ready for you to continue inputting data. AF When you exit the RESERVE Mode (for example, go to RUN Mode), simply press C¥_) and the menus indicating the Function Key assignments you have made in each RESERVE Mode will be displayed. Another method lets you check the contents stored in each key one-at-a-time. Just go into a Reserve Mode (I/II/III) and press a Function Key (such as ). The contents of that key’s memory will be immediately displayed. However, you will lose whatever was previously on the Display. DEF Definable Keys Definable Keys let you use the alpha-keys (and a couple of others) for purposes other than their obvious intent (e.g., to display letters). There are two types of Definable Keys the PC-2 recognizes: @ Keys which have permanently been assigned BASIC statements (such as PRINT, INPUT, etc.). See Table 1. @ Keys which can be used to label program line numbers. See Table 2. To use a definable key that has been assigned to a BASIC command line number, press , then the key of the statement you need to use. Command Instruction Keys se aia aD CSAVE* Table 1 * These commands will only be displayed if the PC-2 is connected to the optional/extra Printer/Cassette Interface. If you use these keys when the Computer is not connected to the optional device, a “~"’ will appear. 930 Program Line Number Definable Keys Table 2 Note that Definable Keys are divided according to rows. The top row of alpha-keys have permanently assigned program statements; the bottom two rows of alpha-keys (and the equals key and spacebar) are used for labeling program line numbers. For instance, you'll probably use the PRINT statement several times in a single program. Instead of typing it over and over, just press CW) when you're ready to use the statement in a program line (or in immediate mode). The statement PRINT will immediately be displayed. Then just type in whatever you want the Computer to PRINT and press . You can do the same with any other of the statements listed in Table 1. 30 meee eee eee The Command Instruction Defined Keys may be specified in any of the Operation Modes (RUN, PRO, or RESERVE). If you are using the Computer by itself (e.g., the Computer is not connected to the Printer/Cassette Interface) and you press CX) (CSAVE), (4D (CLOAD), or (O) (MERGE), the Computer will display “~”. This simply tells you that the command you specified cannot be used because the Interface is not connected. Once the Interface and Computer are connected, however, you can specify these commands even if the Interface is not connected to a Cassette Recorder. The second set of Definable Keys allows you to begin program execution at a maximum of 18 different program line numbers. The first step is to “‘label’’ a program by specifying one of the allowable keys in the first line of the program. To do this: 1. Type the program line number. 2. Type a quotation mark (’’). 3. Type an allowable key (see Table 2). 4. Type another quotation mark (’’). 5. Type a program instruction. For instance: 31 too "S" WAIT StREM This ProQranm counts fo 10. When you're ready to run the program, set the Computer in RUN mode (press (MODE) until RUN appears on the Display); then press . The program will begin execution. You might then want to begin another program at line 200 and label it as “"B’". When you want to run it, press @eF) (BD . ~ Function Keys The keys through are reserved for your use. You can assign to them any values (program lines, BASIC 32 commands, numeric values, etc.) you want. Function Keys can be assigned when the PC-2 is in the RESERVE Operation Mode. For instructions on assigning values to keys (F1) ~ , see RESERVE Mode earlier in this manual. @ Reserve Mode Change An additional Function Key feature is that the PC-2 really has 18 Function Keys, not just six. Press the 4.) key a few times. Notice that Reserve Mode Indicator (in the upper right of the Display) changes from I to II to ITI and back to I. For details on using (4_.) , see RESERVE Mode earlier in this manual. Recall Function Key Assignments The Recall Key ( ) acts as a “toggle” between whatever is on the Display at any particular time and the menu of Function Key assignments for whichever Reserve Mode (I/II/III) is indicated. For instance, let’s say you are writing a program line (in PROgram Mode) and need to use a value assigned to a Function Key. The problem is you've forgotten what values were assigned to what key. You can press CG) to recall the menus in the different Reserve Modes (see RESERVE Mode) and then, by pressing , you can 22 “toggle” the Display between the program line you are working on or viewing, and the menu line for the current RESERVE Mode. To recall the menu you created for a specific Reserve Mode (see RESERVE Mode), press . The menu for the current Reserve Mode will be displayed. Press again and the program line you were currently typing in will be displayed and you can finish entering the line. Display the First/Next Higher Program Line Anytime the Computer is in the PROgram Mode, you can press and the first line of the program that’s in memory will be displayed. If you are writing or editing a program, pressing will display the next program line. Holding down will activate a “repeat’” function and the Computer will ‘scroll’ (e.g., automatically go from one line to the next one) until the last line of the program is reached. Hint: [If you have a long program and want to look at specific program line without scrolling through the entire program, type: LIST line number . For example: LIST 120 . When you press , the Computer will display 7 (the pi symbol). (Pi = 3.141592654). For example, in the RUN Mode, press and _ The value of P! will appear on the right side of the Display (3.141592654). 34 (PI) can be accessed from any of the Operation Modes. C4) also has several other features. For instance, if you stop program execution (in RUN Mode) by pressing BREAK, the Display