Manual / Guide · 1981
Sharp PC-1500 Instruction Manual
Sharp's instruction manual for the PC-1500 pocket computer (English).
Manual / Guide · 1981
Sharp's instruction manual for the PC-1500 pocket computer (English).
oc Lu Ke S) oO = O O L- Lu NE O O Oo woe PC-1500 INSTRUCTION MANUAL ‘PRE ML i | Do not sale/tht All and more about Sharp PC-1500 at http://www.PC-1500. info Do not sale this PDF !!! All and more about Sharp PC-1500 at http://www.PC-1500. info AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE Allow us to thank you for purchasing the SHARP PC-1500 Pocket Computer. We are confident that you will enjoy using this small, but powerful, new friend in your daily life. The PC-1500 is one of the world’s most sophisticated hand held computers. Although it shares many features with its cousin, the SHARP PC-1211 Pocket Computer, the PC-1500 provides you with such advanced capabilities as: e A7 by 156 programmable dot-matrix LCD display. e A tone generator for creating special effects under program control. e ASCII character set with upper and lower cases. e Scientific and mathematical functions. e User-definable function keys. e An extended version of BASIC which provides two-dimensional arrays, variable length strings, graphics commands, program chaining and many other advanced features. e Upto 4K bytes of optional RAM. (Model CE-151) e An optional Printer/Cassette Interface (Model CE-150) which allows 4 color X-Y plotting, Program and data storage, and printing of programs and data in one of nine different character sizes. This machine is capable of many of the functions which only a few years ago would have filled a warehouse with tubes, wires, and engineers. Such sophistication does not require Engineering credentials to use. On the contrary, the PC-1500, and this manual, are designed to help you gain rapid access to this new technology. We have divided this manual into five major sections allowing the novice user to rapidly attain competence. Advanced users may explore the features of the PC-1500 through the sections on Advanced Programming, and Advanced Calculations, and through the Appendices. The style of this manual is conversational and many examples are provided, But don't take our word for it, to see how easy it is to get started, turn to Chapter O. But first, be sure that the batteries have been loaded. If they haven’t, Appendix B provides instructions. Above all, have fun and don’t hesitate to experiment! Do not sale this PDF !!! All and more about Sharp PC-1500 at http://Awww.PC-1500. info OPERATIONAL NOTES Since the liquid crystal display of the computer is made of glass, it must be handled with some care. t To ensure trouble-free operation of your SHARP pocket computer we recommend that: 1. You keep the computer in an area free from extreme temperature changes, moisture, or dust. During warm weather, vehicles left in direct sun light are subject to high temperature build up. Prolonged exposure to high temperature may cause damage to your computer. N . You use only a soft, dry cloth to clean the computer. Do not use solvents, water, or wet cloths. 3. To avoid battery leakage, remove the batteries when the computer will not be used for an extended period of time. If service is required, the computer be returned only to an authorized SHARP Service Center. 5. This manual be kept for further reference. es Trouble-Shooting This unit, if subjected to strong external noise or impact during operation, may render alli its keys, including “Gn. key, inoperative. Should this occur, press the ALL RESET switch on the back of the unit for approx. 15 seconds, with the “on? key held down. BREAK Press (On! key. All reset switch Press the all reset switch with any pointed object such as a ball-point pen. Do notuse easily broken points such as mechanical pencils or the tips of needles. Then check that [NEWQ? : CHECK] is indicated on the display, and press the keys (CL) CN |CE )Cw)[@ j[enter) . lf the display does not read NEWQ? : CHECK, perform the above operation once again. With this operation, the program, data and all the reserved contents are cleared, so do not press the ALL RESET switch except when the above trouble occurs, Do not sale this PDF !!! All and more about Sharp PC-1500 at http:/Awww.PC-1500. info PC-1500 SPECIFICATIONS Model: Number of calculation digits: Calculation system: Program language: Capacity: Calculations: Editing function: Memory protection: Display: Keys: Power supply: Power consumption: Operating time: Operating temperature: Dimensions: Weight: Accessories: Options: Do not sale this PDF !!! PC-1500 Pocket Computer 10 digits (mantissa) + 2 digits (exponent) According to mathematical formula {with priority judging func tion) BASIC CPU: CMOS 8 bit System ROM: 16 K Bytes Memory Capacity RAM: 3.5 K Bytes System area 0.9 K Bytes Input buffer; 80 Bytes Stack: 196 Bytes Others: User area 2.6 K Bytes Fixed memory area: 624 Bytes (A~Z, AS~ZS) Basic program data area: 1850 Bytes Reserve area: 188 Bytes Four arithmetic calculations, power calculation, trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions, logarithmic and exponential functions, angular conversion, extraction of square root, sign function, absolutes, integers and logical calculations, Cursor shifting ( >) Insertion (INS) Deletion (DEL) Line up and down (4+, 1) CMOS battery back-up (program, data and reserve memories are protected) Liquid Crystal 26 Character Width 7 x 156 Dot Graphics 65 Keys including Alphabetic, Numeric, User-definable Function, Pre-programmed 6.0V, DC: 4 dry batteries (Type UM-3, AA or R6) 6.0V, DC: 0.13W Approx. 50 hours on dry batteries (Type ({UM-3, AA or R6)) 0°C ~ 40°C (32°F ~ 104°F) 195(W) x 86(D) x 25.5(H) mm 7-11/16"(W) x 3-3/8" (D) x 1°°(H) Approx. 3759 (0,83 Ibs.) (with batteries) Soft case, four dry batteries, two keyboard templates, name label and instruction manual Printer/cassette interface (CE-150} Expansion memory module (Plug-in type, 4K Byte RAM CE-151) All and more about Sharp PC-1500 at http://www.PC-1500. info TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PATE TORRE AE Riaar yaa aaa aa aa aN Es SL a 1 Depa: acne 56 a Ss Ba AEA EEE ESS SAORI KS 2 PC-1500 Specifications, . 0. ee eee eee eee eee beeen 3 TSAR OE COT TRIE: 9 cn v-9::0.:0 0%0;-0 acre 818 RA OE IPS A EER AAD See OILS 4 0. Instant Programming... 2... ee eee ete nee e eens 8 A. Example 1... 2... cc ccc cee ee eee ee eee eee een ee en eens eye BE TES ais 16-5) a6 6+ 0 Se ier eR orn 8 eke a eee Oe wee es: I, Contig: Accprabeen 265. ERS RS aia ais PRIS De ieee ieee ATS 7 Pin CPR GREET RONG bc 9505805: 6 bn: n- ONO Ot 0 888i Sh lbrn 5 OFS aD 12 B... Algmabiatio ROVE 6: :<o:e5 5:96: cea ee 86 in AL PERE Ce NERO NE wee Soe ME TATE ENCED 12 C. Numeric keys and Arithmetic Operation keys... 0.0.60 oe ee 12 Bay SENET Reverse csasn ayn ssrniesascssrareesacectaca a i ARNE NEE ACS a HRS 12 E. Lower-case Letters and the SMALL key ... 2.2.2.2... cc eee ee eee ee enees 12 PRS | tat REA AIO GPS y ECA ee QOS aD TE TN Ur treter tis. ir ae a 13 GC. THES aOr Od WE PIGRNE Do oiacsin sree oe ee Sects ped gece Cee neEsees 13 ee ee ee a es) eer ee 13 MM seal eo ee re. ee oh ERROR MCS RIRIES 26. co fo 520 5 -0.9 kins nel feb 030-67 mie BLP RS RR ees psa LetaS weap te E.; Batterie: Functions 1icQuicen sie csccc a sre 06 eo 6 ea eee Slee iete MENS 14 HE) “FeRettieh: thie: PU aria 66.25 16 oso ie se Sineie ia dale we ow ores Pao ey pheacele we Ww Bate a ikieplew 15 fe ee A 2 16 ee rm ee Re ee eee Oe Te ee 15 Ce: SR aI as 6 ies: 81956 ARE aww oe ONSET ON SERA A ee eR ORS 16 D. Calculations with Negative Numbers... 2... 2. cee ee eee eee eee 16 Gi \Camiguand Galcwbetienie so iii0 as aio Seagg 4 sea are ais a eta we 17 F Ustot Parenthwees. io oan. oss bia ceo oivie oe wine © Riba icaie ie bw eele@nale Sisisiers 17 G. Logical Comparisons and Inequalities . 2... 2... 2c cee eee ee eee 18 PM ee eT a a ee ne Serer 19 MS, «Bett Arrow (DE Lee Bay « 0:6:::5:0 0 :9jec8 sig 6100 a8 as ie eee Me eess 19 Aid; “Rin Arrow sINGert Kays ac icain esis terse ae es rears mies wire 20 PRS, call FL CBOND 53sec sa ee Foe We aiase ai iatateracaia asd wlens See ee A IAW Lea TS 21 TC; Wir aby ass naa ESS Raw SEERA I EO 21 ds We Patiobsies oes caritescewetbeetbe vob) cde wisebor entero tunee 24 EARNS TE ran era? c9;-10:= 9.0009 re DE a ce.wseaer ne Siem ean ere cere Temancerscevelnceile.ef 24 Hi. The Mysterious (7) Art of Programing 5 )°5.5 56 66625 oi 8 ee ee ES ise eS 26 PN 6s See bie pee S28 eS a bh a WS eel ee OS WES SSS SUaR eee 26 A, WEIS Pree oe ies ase weeees RaewA Ok ewe epee Ce ee eb ews 26 B. How Dol Program?... 0... 6. ee ee ee eee eee eee wee ee 26 Si: COMMANDS VA7S FA ON Ren Se: oy nese nyere canara eR Core eLD RLM NLR ete HUR ACRE HAD 27 D.: Lite MAG: 66:56:50; ca cesraieitece ae Wace Ne HER Ee 27 E. Program-line Review keys... .. PO Re RET I 28 F.. A Closer Look At Some Old Friends «ascii vicsiers ecinw wareare Mais na eLeaiw ee ews 23 Ft, [Fhe NEW Comnane sio e555 ss eR i 29 Do not sale this PDF !!! All and more about Sharp PC-1500 at http://www.PC-1500.info | ey ee a aT er a ae eee oe err ST are a ae 29 ES: TEMP T: Seaenrnntrn asic is 35a ica sara ieteiaicaliess aceasta Sala aaa ee 29 G; The PAUSE Stetanent 523555 2 i i BS SES eae ae rar | i, [The INPUT Statin oon. ccc a. Soe S850 20.0 Re De ihsle lb lawete aren wre 35 Ka SPRUE Bi FRR UB RI RBS ns 2 9 8 8,00 19090-8999 O88 Lear Eee 8-88 E 39 AEN: §«— PUDIIOMETIONN 0:6: ess sacn es -4- eee in niece a aie ac Ripl eee RNa ATE Pee 40 1.2. Multiple Statements Using the Colon........ Re a ETC ee 41 J. Error Correction in the PROgram Mode ....... NEE PR a Tet Rue ies Sara ee IW ree, Ki The LIST Command iisi:6 ses essas SSL TOTS RS SGT ANETTA Se 43 Ei; Than More: Cie Martie. Saisie SS aS RES SSS ids CPSU 43 Lt... “FREEND Seateenent sic ios oss anc bia eevee o Sie SOUSA Sees 43 LZ. RUN Unenumber’. ..0...0...ccccccsecctccecrseces wate pe eters 44 eee et hee eee re ee ee eee |. a! | Jee =, Re eer CT eer rr en ay re ee ee ey” | OG GOW} acai ekg AR RS TE NSS COR aN ae Nee TES Smee 46 B: POR a WERT oc siccae ees sie EDT eS i CE WAM aii ee Re Rew PEP HNE Sr are STP ee aS ure are aor errs «| R. READ, DATA, RESTORE ....... Bah ei ptacbie ie rahecoresa eas SoH MRI aK 55 Be, FREI an csbioresendie nie errr ee niprecncd bce Bunce’ wie wee ernieseinicly ROSE ® Shilerecete 57 RAE, ice AE TERRE RITE cas ences Unie Seng aE aI a ore STR ene alee 58 Summary of PROgram Mode Editing Features... . 6.665 00+ eee eee eee arp waa eee 59 IV: Adlvemaed Coloalationed i356: 3:65 6255 AGS BTR a ae SE 60 Al Sclentitic Nouv sie sisiec'c waco Ae a sieeaewmarcdade essa celealines seeles 60 B. Range of Calculations; Overflow, Underflow. ... . ieee ee eae, 62 Ce PROT POW BI PI se: -oy cease tevevec a0 yaieevaipe. a:w.070:.0 10: eR wleverd 0a ORO Ware Coles ny 62 OD; Angular Modes: «0:6:0:5-4- saves «056 were Ce ee 64 Es -Trigonometrico: Functions ici: icce.cie eid a SN bie NeW e eee V8 BEE 688 ole wie 64 SIN, COS, TAN,:ASN, ACS ATN io caccces ores Sara? PU Ea 65 F, Logarithmic Functions.............. Dis RRA a ap ACES Pape Le oye eal 6 pled eras 65 RE EON EP. nose ceiespo nin: si nsee A 40-408, 00M PNeoidie wie Neale a eases 65 BS FE CCN ew ececscasernseiiavevesounvenerexeverecaesp qe e gnia anes ne te ate Belen in ae 66 DEG DNS os scieresraijaite seis RASS 0 Olea ie oes a See 66 Hi. ‘Mitacellaneoiss FunCtbOnns asec a0 a tars ssa eraan ce ti eere ce Hipio eH SE we ele e WiS RSI 6 W's 66 AGS: INT; SGWNis sicewe swat s kates wesaieN ese Waser eaia we Oe VY. Advanced Programming .......-.-......5 ere Te i 67 A. Arrays and Subseripted Variables... ... AES NRCS ECE VO IRESNISSSCe RRR EOE Bw Oa WU Tribe 67 Lo. SOR R Care aC he eae eee eee ee cn Re ee Ty ey eeve owe Bi ‘More On Character Stetinge sc ccccsinicacnarerec inicio er wis becom eens Re ee 70 B.1. DiMensioning Strings... ... 22... 2.22 ee ee Scere ataianaeee Sr aiatenatataets 70 Bi2s Concatenstion si5 eee eS ssi alte eee SR eee Ses A 1 1 Bs.. Sug COmnpOMons.. co.cc c.cicceeediaos vindiscwicswccewevebeeusee 72 CS, FIC ONS 0 o. 010.0:0-0:0:0:0:0 4:0: 0 0-09-0010 00.0 8:9 00 8:0 9 010 9.0.2.0 .0 5S OE MUS eel einle’e 72 CSE AS iis seesonsrace sue sesete saree anne iia yeereeenie esas me ee 72 C2.: CHRG ec cnwes ceweeaaeans Oe TT 73 Ga: INKEVS hv sccanaawewawe ORR ERT Ce eT a van 44 SA: LENG ius We RM MT aD Re rare rar SS ane ee fe 75 CS: LEPTS staves aa Fea eee ere eae GS. MIDE seca sess Wal Cie Sele lace aielpiare mia i parm a dice ae cade GT. RIGHTS so, «onsen omc) o ee 8 aah Wee es Cine telele ain Alkala tine wieeleaay 77 Cg ee en Seri wis wioleee GS: FANDOM cisicwsiowsscercmarcnwae es Eres eee SAR eR 78 GAD: StRG i ccincsncasreseeniinnae swae a seERee EEA S a IRNTEKC 78 5 Do not sale this PDF !!! All and more about Sharp PC-1500 at http://www.PC-1500. info Cit. ‘STATUSscscsacos eS 79 Caz: TIME vrseraee eee Se 79 Cts: “VAL OE CEE GERSON ON PA ee alex 80 D. PRINT USING... 2... eee eee eee eee 80 Ei. Compartecd mire Teint 5 aso: veces escessesecesiaiarsecee saan ate ae e- aca ese eee eS 83 ON GOTO, ON GOSUB, ON ERROR GOTO....... 2.000200 eee 83, 84 Fz Display: Progranwnitg si sisscsie nears aoa DOOR Raa 84 oes ME =~ ra ae crea er rae BO ar ar a ery EC eae aa rare Ea 84 FZ <QURSOR aa ea ES es 85 UR a ES ee eee ene eens. se here ad a eet ee ee rE: 88 res Sages to) 1 0 re eae 88 FS. SGPRING 5 ceccrsncsecre-sausevesscxie aepeisiteyp tere sgyinne eueiscemur oie ieneeienon min empe 91 FG. POINT sc cecctere sersnnpers teceneta wretaraneraiiepis tak eteeneiehe Die ere wale 94 Gi Debugging ss: 8: Str STRING: 5 ocansciwa winie Rete RS SRS 96 TRON; TROPE; Arrow heyeiis aotearoa 96 H. Hexadecimal Numbers & Boolean Functions... 2.2.02. ee ee eee 98 H.1, Hexadecimal Numbers 2.2... 0. 1. ee ee eee eee eee aee 98 HD, ING PUA CHE Se cexcecese sree ere uanace et en Ae em mangesramecea serene eee 98 HS. SQA FURGHOR xtecseocosccsesece eayscistounencieannscNeieieek meepeeuie ene 99 Es BIT Raa ays 20 sacs i ak SMa RPM ac aaa a ca NO RLS eee 99 12. Halting: Prograc-Gxecwtineciy sues SR ES ee 100 STOR; CONT cuciovinnckcen di SRA AE OS 100 Us MOGSECONMON RAs a trae tea CUS a eel we RIEND ale tase tara ettaeeramne eine tae 100 EOCK, (UNLOCK iieiiliins aialelbcs ails ie ceveeaserac@iene = econo auni dian oie Soeteuee etal s 100 VE. ape SOE 0 isso isaces see Me Ree A RE 101 A. Printer/Cassette interface (CE-150) .. 6c. eee ee ce were eee een enews 101 A.1. Connecting the Computer to the Interface. 2... 1. ee eee ee eee 101 A.2. Power (Recharging the Batteries)... 2. eee 103 A.3. Connecting a Tape Recorder to the Interface ........---0 sete eee ee 103 PM, LUC Figg Sie PRI io sg nas 0h 5c 0 9h i078 eg ewe CRE 105 AS. Rerbecisy Wie Parse oa ics 6s ears: reece ce Se 106 B: Using w: Cassette: Record 5 osascaciose se nesicees aejeicite ia agora aie wie Ww AYR 8 ae OTe als 108 Biz Tape: Flecorder: Operation iisciia 8 26.5 a aie WSEAS ES 108 B.2. Saving Programs on Magnetic Tape (CSAVE}) .........-50 200502005 109 B.3. Loading Programs from Magnetic Tape (CLOAD, CLOAD?)........... 109 B.4, Saving and Loading Data Using Magnetic Tape (PRINT#, INPUT #)...% od Wages B.5. Editing Programs on Magnetic Tape (MERGE) .........-..-----055 111 Bis. Chidining: Proorprrss (CHAU sie i662 5: 5 soseeayese eres whereas ein: ¥ cargereemnceseimins 113 Baki. Using Two: Tape: Recorders: osc soe.g ay see e eo ena die a 8s (ne pio ggg HT 114 Ge Using the: Printers sis casaeee ee EE INE ETON 116 Cay; CENGO Printer: Specifications isicsisees Sie ee 116 CZ... TEST CORMMATIG,«... oon. ce 00-05 908, 9 9 09 on obo wibiin, MA a bie tee Sie wlb Biers 116 C3. Printing Calculations... 0... 0.02 ee ee ee ee ee te ees 117 GA; Peart Odes 5.5: oo veseecsrese-anese cesarean iio tec ee aeece arrernrece cape ierec eee 118 GH Astin PrOgrainess <a 5-ero eer ety aner sewers eo OER ORES Beer IE EN RGe-s 118 CS. Programmoatite Printer, Control ss: isi:ssicciag 05 ee ireeeces te eer eee 120 CSIZE ss ssvccexeneiycieie terete ait eee alae WE te cee 120 PROUT ATE seca ea SS eae BS IN 120 COLOR 5S OIG a OSE N RI 121 ER oan cc Sp ncessscen nieces name wc eimceyspie ses somid n rejean ad ay PLEO ME IS CIO Wane 121 6 Do not sale this PDF !!! All and more about Sharp PC-1500 at http://www.PC-1500. info EPRI Tire, ...c Sirens Sickel Sal SR eee aaah onl Pid acs wa aa O Two Wlates uso 122 PEASE GUUCN Ao anaes vliernresene acsbn AE Ie choc demracetesen som. peg mie ananeuniecale ate nile 123 ED |< RNR comer ction eee a Ar ae E 124 SORG Ne senssescacasnnnnennecsae saree ntoen an ecnetanciaranacarnverareranaceerauas 124 GL CURSOR sassrseciliasss eases Ste RS aS RTA ISI 124 LINE. secs ae aa ee OO Re i RE 125 REINE soucoeseu i ee ie 127 WR SESE RV ne ies caleses rae os execu eter arse raneracrecetara a ana arsON Nt AK Re I TINA MEERS EERE 129 A; -Oetining:and Selecting Reserve Keys: 5: 5026055 eceiereieiret sien niieiw pr ietiene eeeoel anes 129 B: Indemnifying Fasar ve OVS woe eerie es ie etre aie are Se Ne Sea 130 Reserve Key Identification Template. 2... 0... eee ee ee ee 131 VII. Beginning Program Execution. 2... 2... ee tee 132 Rs BFE BORG or erecssec gs cscnme nsniarereecniegg ae AIRES AGAR Wr ateailg eT ATA eee RUNNER 132 fat: Running DEF ibe Progie icc ieisse wi ees een reece eee 132 Al: §«PreAssigned: Keyword. ASE A EE 132 Ass TheAREAD-Staremant's sss ON 933 Bi -Auitoaridtic Progra: AnittatiOG -a-.. ne ncn. 5 vee wes 014-62 0:4 0:8, oialac en aiele eases 134 ERERUIDE, x wcglectitacredntavoracetanetierar tke atatatiakarss Hermmensucnenetanereesaniete narrate sienciesake aie 134 Comparison of Initiation Methods .. 1... cee eee ee eee eee eee eee 134 @ Conventions fax Aredunbtotber ARAA+YS P< Pap PA Sa EEG ae ice dO Sie ENCE ER OW ILE LD LT TIS 137 Fi ADDBVIATONS Se PaaS ha eae. ores e lalate deers he bi gee waa itaone aE. 138 CMB ge ee ee eee ee eer | er eae te 142 ae CaP Re pia Chai fC st ye Me Ge I LG | ee... een 144 Sy SE CTOT CBSO cara cater sso yermiacanaceneyprnrwcrcaracer entice nuetrecanet prasliigehen/aie REN aNOrACI DEE 145 ME tt |) eee ae ee ee ep ee eee er ene eee 151 G; -Order. of Expression: Evalugtions:2sics wea eee sata wee 181 X. Command Comparison: PC-1211 vs. PC-1500 .. 6... eee eee 153 Z. Command Reference Table... 2... cece ee eee 155 Name label Write your name on the attached name label and stick it on the back of the Computer. Do not sale this PDF !!! All and more about Sharp PC-1500 at http://www.PC-1500. info INSTANT PROGRAMMING (No Water Necessary) This section is devoted exclusively to a select group of people (the authors included) whose inquisitiveness outweighs their patience (and perhaps their common sense). For those of you who absolutely must DO SOMETHING with this miracle of modern electronics, we present a simple programming exercise. (WARNING: The timid or faint-of-heart are instructed to proceed to Chapter 1; Getting Acquainted, for a more thorough and leisurely introduction to the SHARP PC-1500). Before you proceed, one further caution is in order. It is important to follow all of the listed steps in the given order. Contrary to popular opinion, computers are not “super-brains” and do not have the average human's ability to “figure out” what you desire. The PC-1500 simply awaits your instructions and performs them. Are you ready? Good, let's begin. Example 1 First, find the key marked “ON” in the upper right corner of the keyboard. Pressing this key will cause the sleeping electronic genie to awaken (don't expect a puff of smoke!). The display portion of the computer should be similar to the illustration below: DEG PRO I .| Press the coe key (on the far right side) until the abbreviation PRO appears in the upper Portion of the display. (If you press the key too many times, just press it again until the desired result is obtained), The SHARP PC-1500 is ready to accept the series of instructions which make up a computer program. Enter the following keystroke sequence: (1 (8 (4) C=) (4) [EnTer) Notice that as you press the [ENTER] key, the computer will modify what you have typed in. The display should now look like this: DEG PRO 1 e 10:A=1 Note: Throughout this manual we will use ® for the number zero, so that you can distinguish between the letter O and the number §. Continue by pressing the following keys. Do not be alarmed when each line disappears as you type its successor. (29 (3) CPD (A ($9 CE) CAD (ENTER) (308) CAD (1 (A 4) 27 (EnTER] (4 (8 C6) (6) 0 COI 29 8) (ENTER) At this point, your first program is complete. Now you must tell the computer to “execute,’’ or carry out, the instructions it contains. This process is known as “running” the program and is performed in the RUN mode (logical huh?). Press the 00E button once again and the letters PRO are replaced by the letters RUN at the top of the display. One last step: type in the letters (R) (0) CN) and press(ENTER). 8 Do not sale this PDF !!! All and more about Sharp PC-1500 at http://www.PC-1500. info Congratulations! Your first BASIC program is now running. Your instructions are being followed and the computer is busy listing all the positive odd numbers, in order. "So," you say to yourself, “I’m a genius. But when will it stop?” Well, . . . . unfortunately, without your intervention or battery failure, this particular program will never finish. To see why, let's review our program: 10 A=1 20 PAUSE A 30 A=A+2 40 GOTO 20 The effect of the line numbered 40 is to cause the computer to re-perform all lines after the one numbered 20. This includes line 40 which, of course, tells the computer to re-re-perform lines 20, 30, and 40... . and so on forever. This repetition without end is known in computer jargon as “looping”. Our program is stuck in an “infinite loop” and only you have the ability to stop this tragic expense of battery power. To do this, press the (ON) key. Since the PC-1500 is already on, you are actually selecting the BREAK function. Don’‘t be alarmed. Despite what the name seems to indicate, this is not a self-destruct key. As a matter of record, you cannot, in any way, hurt or damage the computer merely by pressing keys, so feel free to experiment! If you have pressed the BREAK key, a message similar to the following is visible in the display This informs you which instruction was being “executed”, or worked on, when you interrupted the computer. Press the BREAK key once more, and the computer awaits your next instruction: For those of you who just remembered that you left the tap running at home, this is a good stopping point. (Before leaving, please press the (OFF) key to conserve batteries.) Others of you are already becoming programming addicts and will want to continue your education with our second example. (We hereby waive responsibility if you're late for dinner). Example 2 To begin our second program it is necessary to enter the program mode by pressing the MODE key until the letters PRO (short for PROGRAM) replace the letters RUN at the top of the display. The PC-1500 will now let us submit a new program or modify an old program. Because our new program will not build on the instructions of our old program, we must clear those instructions from the computer’s memory. To do this, type in the word NEW and press ENTER: After a pause the > character (called a prompt) will return. . Type the following keystrokes to enter the first line of the program: 00 0 000 00 3 Gee) 790 0 0s Gace) (30 0 @) CED Ga) 7) Ge) CC) Gone) Ce) CAD 9 Do not sale this PDF !!! All and more about Sharp PC-1500 at http://www.PC-1500. info Notice that pressing the [Suit] key followed by a key which has another character inscribed above it, will enter the uppermost character. The shift key permits two characters to share the same button, and is sometimes called the “second function” key. Thus, in the first line of our program {line 10 above), a (Swift) keystroke followed by a (+) causes a (i | (semicolon) character to be entered. The entire line is stored in the computer as: vec PRO 1 -) 1G: INPUT "LIST SIZE?"#A J In this manual we will illustrate the selection of the second function character with the shift key and the character desired. For example, the line numbered 10 above will be shown as: C000 0 0 0 er 0 oS (39 CO CED (ED (ame) C2) CRT) CF) (sate) 7] CA (ENTER) Complete the entry of our second program with the following keystrokes: C2 CD 0 CE A (eT) CE] CE) ST (OD CD CO) C90 CS] (Enter) C30 9 CF 00 CR 0) (=) 9 C7 0) AT (ENTER) 0 0 0 0 00 Os 2 CO Gee) 9 CO Ge CF (Ener) (5) (8) CN CED 0 0 C0) (ENTER) (30 (8) CBD CED CED CP 2 Gn) (7 CED CN] 0) (Ener) Our second program is now stored in the PC-1500’s memory. Do you remember what must be done next? If you said “Run the program” you are well on the way to programming competency, Return to the RUN mode (HINT: use the MODE key) and type in the word RUN. Press (EMTER] to begin “execution” (another word for running) of our second program. Is the computer interrogating you in the following manner? (If not, return to the PROgram mode and re-check your typing). LIST SIZE? a Good show! Our program is asking the user (you) for information necessary to perform the task that we, as programmers, instructed it to perform. Recall the first line of our BASIC program (which you so kindly typed in for us); LG:INPUT “LIST SIZEr"a | The instructions within this line are currently being followed by the computer. The result is that the computer is waiting for you to “input” (type in} some information. This program will print a list of numbers and their squares (the number multiplied by itself). First, however, it asks the user how many numbers and squares to print (LIST SIZE?). The user {you again) responds by typing a number and pressing (you guessed it!) (ExTeR), Type (8) and press (ENTER). 10 Do not sale this PDF !!! All and more about Sharp PC-1500 at http://www.PC-1500.info Watch closely as pairs of numbers appear briefly on the screen. The second number in the pair (on the right} will be the square of the first, Eight pairs of numbers will be displayed because that is what you asked for when you responded to the program’s question. When the prompt returns, re-run the program (type RUN, press [ENTER] } and make a different response to the “LIST SIZE?” question. Run the program several times experimenting with different list sizes. You are experiencing one of the important advantages of programmable computers; they can perform a tedious task repeatedly, varying it slightly each time in response to the input. Re-run the program once more but this time enter a zero for the list size. What happens? Yes, the program ends without having produced a list. Although this may seem odd, the PC-1500 is simply following our instructions. This illustrates why the computer is such a powerful tool. It can be programmed to follow different sets of instructions and process the variety of information it is given. Because of the instructions in line 20, if the user’s input is zero (or less) the computer skips over the computa- tion of the list and goes to the end of the program, In effect, it has made a decision based on the user’s request. As a programmer, you control what decisions are possible and when they are made, Thus, the full power of the computer is available to you to solve your specific problem in the manner you think is best. I. GETTING ACQUAINTED After you unpack your Sharp Pocket Computer (hereafter we'll call it SHARP) and admire your handsome new friend, you might wonder what you're staring at. Let’s examine SHARP: Display al function indicator | Shift key | On-Off keys ea) clear key f f=} 4 — Mode key eae) re Reservable keys Small key Entry key Numeric keys “——— Alphabetic keys We will describe the display in a moment. First, even before you turn on SHARP, notice several important features of the keyboard: 11 Do not sale this PDF !!! All and more about Sharp PC-1500 at http://www.PC-1500. info A. ON AND OFF KEYS Obviously these keys turn the power on and off. SHARP, to conserve its battery, will auto- matically shut off if nothing is keyed in for a period of about seven minutes, unless a program is being executed. Observe inscribed above the [ON) key the phrase BREAK. The (ON) key can be used to BREAK, or interrupt, the execution of a program, This function is described in more detail later in this manual. B. ALPHABETIC KEYS The Alphabetic keys allow the computer user (you) to give instructions and enter data. In addi- tion, these keys may be used to designate “storage areas” within the computer’s memory into and from which you will be able to save or retrieve data. This use will be covered in the section on variables. Lower case letters are available through the use of the [sir] and Sm) (SMALL) keys (described below). C. NUMERIC KEYS and ARITHMETIC OPERATION KEYS With these you enter numbers for calculation. The [#), (=|, 6), and [7_ keys tell SHARP to add, subtract, multiply and divide, respectively. The CE) key allows the entry of numbers in “scientific notation”. The use of this notation and other sophisticated functions are described in the chapter on Advanced Calculations. D, SHIFT This key delivers the secondary functions inscribed above many non-alphabetic keys. For instance, to type a colon, press [mart] and then the (*) (asterisk) key. When the SHIFT key is followed by an alphabetic key, the lower-case letter is displayed. (NOTE: In the SMALL mode, the SHIFT preceeding the alphabetic key will produce an upper-case letter). When the SHIFT key is activated, the word SHIFT appears in the upper left corner of the display. The shift mode is only active for one keystroke at a time. The six keys at the top of the keyboard, directly below the display window, are called RESERVABLE KEYS. Using the shift in a manner we will decribe later on, you can assign frequently typed commands or other operations to these keys. NOTE: If you press the (Si#7) key by mistake, press it again to cancel. E. LOWER-CASE LETTERS and the SMALL KEY The SMU key allows you to specify lower case for all alphabetic keys. If you do not specify the SMALL mode, SHARP will select upper-case for you each time you press an alphabetic key. (We call this the “default” mode, meaning the way in which the machine operates unless you tell it otherwise.) You can type individual lower-case letters by pressing the (suit) key before the letter. The Smi) key may be used to effect the SMALL mode. In SMALL mode lowercase letters result from pressing an alphabetic key and individual upper-case letters are displayed by pressing the (swt) key first. When the computer is in SMALL mode, the word SMALL will appear on the top portion of the display window. Once you have placed the computer in SMALL mode, it will remain in this mode until you press the SmU key again. NOTE: We recommend that you restrict your use of lower-case for the moment. This is because SHARP only recognizes instructions in upper-case letters, When you learn to program, you will find lower-case letters handy. 12 Do not sale this PDF !!! All and more about Sharp PC-1500 at http://www.PC-1500. info F. THE DISPLAY Press ON. The “glass window” part of the computer is called the “display.”” It looks something like this: DEG PRO 1 . On the display you should see an > (called a “prompt’'), several words or abbreviations, and a dot {indicating that the battery is functioning). Do not be concerned if the specific abbrevia- tions appearing on your display are not those of our illustration. These symbols change as you operate SHARP. te G. The CURSOR and the PROMPT At the far left of the display, find the prompt symbol {>); it prompts you to talk to SHARP. When the “prompt” appears it means SHARP has no immediate plans and awaits your bidding. Type a letter of your choice. It replaces > at the left of the display, while to the right of your letter appears a __ (underline symbol). This is a cursor. As you press each key, the cursor inches its way across the display, indicating where the next symbol you type will appear. Type your name and note the movement of the cursor. If you type more than 25 characters, the limit that can be displayed at one time the entire line shifts left. (Try it!}). Characters “pushed off” the screen are not lost: they remain in SHARP as part of the typed line, up to a maximum of 80 characters for any single line. We will see how to “recall” and how to change these characters iin a later section, H, CLEAR (The red (CL) key in the upper right corner} Push this button and you CLear the display of its contents. Use it to erase the characters that you just typed in. Notice that the prompt has returned, indicating that the computer is again waiting for your commands. The clear key is also used to cancel an incorrect command. (See the section on Error messages below). |. ENTER As you type into the computer, the letters or numbers appear on the display. SHARP will take NO ACTION, however, until you signal that you have finished typing (after all, it can’t read your mind). This is done by pressing the ENTER key after your other keystrokes. At this point, the computer will scan the characters you have typed for correct form. Certain errors, but by no means all errors, will cause your input to be rejected. REMEMBER: Press the [exter) key each time you wish to enter an instruction or item of data into the machine, J. ERROR MESSAGES Press the following keys: MHI Ee Now press [ENTER]. The answer should be displayed. Three, right? No? You get "ERROR 1” as your answer? ls your computer defective? Never! There's a mistake in the form of the command, “ERROR 13 Do not sale this PDF !!! All and more about Sharp PC-1500 at http://www.PC-1500. info 1" is an error code which tells you that you have incorrectly performed a calculation, (For the curious, a complete list of error messages is included as an appendix). We'll take the blame for this first error and in later sections we'll show you how to use other keys to correct an erroneous command. For now, you may use the CLear key to erase the error message. K. BATTERY FUNCTION INDICATION When this dot disappears, the time has come to rejuvenate SHARP by replacing its batteries. See Appendix for instructions. Battery function indicator ————_____, [ 7 AUN I { | ' |THE CAN THE HAT_ | QUIZ — CHAPTER Match each item in column A with one fram column B. (Answers on bottom of page). HINT: Column B contains some silly possibilities. A —Be a} SHIFT key 1) A malcontent given to constant swearing. b) The Display 2) A-key which cleans the display window and erases c) The Cursor any results from previous computations. d) ENTER key 3) A key which selects one of 2 characters which share e) BREAK key the sarne key. f) CLEAR key 4) Ain't no such key. gq) The Prompt 5) Accharacter, appearing in the display, which informs h) The red HERRING key the user that the computer awaits his/her command. 6) The key which signals the computer that the User is finished typing. 7) A-key which interrupts a program in the process of computing. 8) The name of a rare tropical fish. 9) The character, on the display, which indicates where the next typed character will appear. 10) The glass window on which information appears. b-H ‘S-9 ‘2-4 '£-3'9-0'6—-9 ‘OL—8 ‘E-W ssuamsuy 14 Do not sale this PDF !!! All and more about Sharp PC-1500 at http://www.PC-1500. info Il. TAKING THE PLUNGE... Actually, this chapter is probably misnamed; learning to use the PC-1500 is not nearly as shocking as plunging into a pool of water. However, it does require that you approach the com- puter without fear, As we have said before, you cannot hurt or damage the computer merely by pressing the keys, In this chapter we will explore the fundamental features of SHARP upon which programs and more advanced calculations are based. Take the time necessary to work through the examples in each section, A good understanding of the basics will allow you to exploit this machine's full potential. Although we do not recommend it, if you feel that you are sufficiently advanced, you may skip ahead to the summary at the end of this chapter. A. MODE Let's begin with a key we have been ignoring until now. At the right of the keyboard find the very important button labelled MODE, Press it repeatedly. Notice, each time you press the key, the changes in the abbreviations at the upper right. Changing the machine's mode in this way can be likened to shifting gears on a car. As each new.mode or gear is engaged, machinery which appears outwardly unchanged performs differently. Like a car, SHARP must be placed in the proper mode to function according to plan. And, also like a car, when you attempt to operate SHARP in an improper “gear’’, the computer will quickly notify you of your mistake. By repeatedly pressing the MODE button you will be introduced to the two most important of SHARP’s three modes: RUN and PROgram. A third mode, RESERVE, is activated by pressing the SHIFT key before the MODE key, Later chapters of this manual will describe how each of these modes contributes to the smooth running of SHARP. For now, remember that in order to use SHARP as a calculator, you must be in the RUN mode. Later, in the PROgram mode, you will write and change programs. With the RESERVE mode you can assign frequently used commands to a single key. This is explained in greater detail in Chapter 7. Note that the first time you turn the computer on after inserting batteries, it will settle into the PRO mode. At other times the computer will come on in the made in which it last operated before being shut off. B. SIMPLE CALCULATIONS With SHARP set in the RUN mode, let’s test fundamental mathematical computations. It is necessary before each calculation to press (CL) . This clears the display of any previous data which might interfere with a new calculation. Find answers to the following simple problems: Input Display (SJ C4) (2) [enrer) 7 (S)(=—) C2) (ener) 3 CSIC7 1 C2] (ere) 2.5 NOTE: Do not type an equal sign, Remember from Chapter I that it is the ENTER key which informs SHARP that you have finished typing and wish to have your command or calculation performed. 15 Do not sale this PDF !!! All and more about Sharp PC-1500 at http://www.PC-1500. info C. SERIAL CALCULATIONS You can utilize an answer from one calculation in a following calculation by proceeding directly to the second calculation. (Do not press CL between calculations). Thus, if you are balancing a checkbook, you will operate SHARP in this fashion: Input Display Ss 161.16 — 47.56 (Ewren) . 113. 66 1233 | 443. 66-12. 33 _ (ema) 101. 33 a As you will observe, the result of the first calculation jumps to the left of the display as you begin the second calculation. NOTE: DO NOT type dollar signs or commas when entering numbers in calculations. These symbols have special meaning in the BASIC language {and therefore to SHARP). Other operations can be performed similarily. Try these: Input Display 5+3 (ENTER) 8 8+3—1 (iea) 10 —— — - ——E 7 1G*3—1 [Een 29 29/3—1 (carn) 8. 666666667 D. CALCULATIONS WITH NEGATIVE NUMBERS Imagine you have presented your computer science teacher, Mr. Onoff, with two apples. You have remaining an inventory of five apples, and you wonder, “How many apples would | now have if | hadn’t been so generous to Mr, Onoff?’. To find the answer, you might imagine the subtraction from inventory negated; that is, you would subtract the subtraction. Type into SHARP: 5 --2 (ENTER) . Seven would be your hypothetical inventory. Try these similar calcula- tions with negatively signed numbers: 5*-2 $+-2 §/-2 -5-2.3 6 +.— 9 -5/-2 16 Do not sale this PDF !!! All and more about Sharp PC-1500 at http://www.PC-1500. info REMEMBER: To press [CL) between calculations to CLear previous results. E. COMPOUND CALCULATIONS You can string together a sequence of calculations before asking SHARP for an answer. For example, you and two friends, Hob and Nob, wish to share 5 apples twice a day for a week, How many apples should you buy to last the week? 5 apples (7 3 friends