Manual / Guide · 1969
HP 9100B Operating and Programming Manual
The owner's manual for the 9100B (09100-90021), with its doubled memory and subroutines.
Manual / Guide · 1969
The owner's manual for the 9100B (09100-90021), with its doubled memory and subroutines.
- - - - - HEWLETT PAC ARD - - - - - WARRA TY AND ASSISTANCE The Hewlett-Packard 91008 Calculator is warranted aga1nst defects in matenals and workmanship. This warranty applles for ninety (90) days from date of delivery. We will repair or replace components which prove to be defective during the warranty p ri€>d. No other warranty is expressed or implied. We are not liable for consequential damages. For any assistance contact your nearest Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service Office. Addresses are provided at the back of this manual. Copyright Hewlett-Packard Cor:npany 1969 P. 0. Box 301 , Loveland , Colorado ,... 80537 U. S. A. OPERATING AND PROGRAMMING HEWLETT-PACKARD 91008 P EFACE OW TO US THIS MANUAL This manual may be used in two ways; 1. as a textbook from which to learn how to use and program your calculator, and 2. as a 'quick-reference', to determine what a particular key or svvitch will do and the purpese for which it may be used. As a textbook, the manual progresses in a learn1ng sequence which presupposes no previous experience with this type of calculator or with programming. For 'quick-reference' the key index on Page iv is used to locate the required key or switch in the text. Each key is briefly described in bald print. This is followed by a more detailed explanation with examples which illustrate what the key does and the purposes for which it may be used. FROM 9100A TO 91008 I I For the benefit of 91008 users who have previously used and programmed only the 9100A Calculator, here is a briet summary of the 91008 features and characteristics which differ from those of the 91 OOA. 1. The 91008 has a Iarger programmable memory which is divided into two pages, the ( + ) page and the (- ) page (see Pages 8 and 57) . The ( -t ) page consists of 16 registers designated ( -t ) 0 through ( + ) f ; these are identical to the 0 through f registers of the 91 OOA. The ( ) page consists of 16 similar registers, (- ) 0 through ( )f . The sign of the page (-:- or - ) is required for addressing the memory and for branching between pages; the sign is not required if the branch is to an address on the same page as the branch instruction (see 'GO TO' key on Page 68 ) . .. 11 PREFACE 2. The 91008 has subroutine capability which is controlled by the 'SUB / RETURN' instruct1on (see Pages 60 and 94 ). 3. An extra recall instruction. 'to x from' (x~t J), is available to recall data from the ( , ) numeric and ( ) alphameric registers (see Page 38 ). 4. ln the 'RUN' mode, 'STEP PRGM' no Ionger causes an im· mediate branch except when a 'not met' 'I F' qua Iiter 1s encountered (see 'EDITING A PROGRAM' on Page 76 ). ln the 'PROGRAM' mode, as 'STEP PRGM' is pressed , the X register displays the address and operation (as before) and the Z register displays the next address and operation. 5. Conditional branching remains as in the 9100A except that the plus ( + ) and minus ( ) signs cannot follow an 'I F' instruction un less they are pa rt of an add ress. 'CONT(inue)' cannot be used as a 'no operation ' after an 'IF' instruction if 'CONT' is tobe followed by an alphameric or sign (-t or ) instruction. 6. When storing or recalling data, the sign of the page ts al ways required if the storage register is on the ( ) page; the sign of the page is never required lf the storage regtster is on the ( t ) page. Thts is true regardle ss of wht ch page contains the 'store' or 'recall' instructions. 7. Operation of the 'ACC ~ ·, 'ACC ' and 'RCL' keys is exactly as 1n the 9100A in that only the ( )e and ( ) f registers a re affected. 'CLEAR' clears the ( ) e . ( ) f , X. Y and Z registers and the 'ARC' and 'HYPER' conditions, as tn the 9100A. 8. 'END' is not a required last in structton in a program whtch is to be recorded on a magnetic card (see ' END' on Page 70 ). 111 p I DE EYS 16,21 DEGREES RAD ANS FLOATING FIXED POINT 19,44 TO .. arc POLAR IY I 51 50 45 RECT int x hyper 52 49 45 TO r -- -- - I I a - ..., I b I I x-:y 30 ~ I c • ROLL d ~ 30 e sin x RCL I t F ROLL 42,53 47 44 ACC - ln x cosx y~<) 53 46 44 40 40 29 log x tanx x~< > x~< > t 48 44 38 38 29 ACC + 53 lV 19 L - - 41 - - _I 29 ----------10 @~( RECORD ENTER 75 76 PROGRAM POWER ON OFF 19,68 19 ENTER EXP CHG SIGN {X 27 46 r-'- - I - • • 25 CLEAR 8 CLEAR X 22 -- -- -- - 7 RUN --, 24 IF FLAG 88 SET FLAG 88 I 9 FMT IF X<Y PAUSE 33 71 83 X PR INT SPACE IF x=y 32 71 83 - ASUBV RETURN IF x>y END 94 83 70 GO TO ( )( ) STEP PRGM 68 70 4 5 1 2 6 3 I 32 r DECIMAL DIGITS - - - - - - _j 71 STOP 69 20 I + 31 0 L 22,41 I I _j • 1T CONT 28 50 69 Numbers below the keys indicate the page(s) on whi ch the bold print description of the switch or key appears. V -- .. ,--_____,.~ ·- -, - TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE How to Use this Manual From 9100A to 91008 PAGE INDEX OF KEYS AND SWITCHES .. II .. II . IV GENERAL INFORMATION J Description 1 Accessories / Equipment Supplied 2 Program Library 2 'Keyboard' Publication 2 91008 Options 3 Peripheral Equipment 3 Service Contracts 3 ln itial lnspection 3 Power Requ1rements 4 Grounding Requirements 4 Turn-on Procedure 4 Electrical lnspection 4 J KNOW YOUR 91008 lntroduction 7 Characteristics 7 ROM 7 Magnetic-Core Memory 7 Display 9 Float1ng and Fixed Point 11 Guard Digits 11 Overflow and Underflow 13 Range 15 I II egai Operations 16 THE KEYBOARD lntrod uction 17 Step-Saving 17 Keying lnst ruct 1ons 17 Sw1t ching lnst ruct ions 18 Oth er Definit ions 18 . . Vl TABLE OF CONTENTS THE KEYBOARD CONTINUED SWITCHES Off Power On , Degrees-Rad ians , Program Run , Floating-Fixed Point. Decimal Digits, Illegal Operations Light. 19 ENTRY KEYS 0 through 9 , CLEAR x, CLEAR , ENTER EXP, 22 CHG SIGN , dec imal point. CONTROL KEYS t , ~ ' ROLL t I ROLL t ,X : y. 29 ARITH~/1ETIC KEYS +, -, X, -:- 31 STORAGE AND RECALL KEYS x -+ ( ) x +- ( ), y -+ ( ), y -; ( ) , a through f , 0 through 9, RCL . 38 FUNCTION KEYS sin x , cos x, tan x, arc , hyper, rx: ln x, e x, log x. int x, y , 1T. 44 VECTOR KEYS TO POLAR, TO RECT , RCL , ACC +. ACC- . 51 PROGRAMMING THE 91008 INTRODIJCTION TO PROGRAMMING Registers 57 Characters 58 Memory Address 58 Bits 58 Octal Code 58 Program Addre ss ing 59 Program Counter 59 Branching 59 Subroutines 60 Blanked and Display Modes 60 .. \ 11 T B 0 TENTS PROGRAMMING THE 91008 CONTINUED PROGRAM WRITING What is a Program? 61 Writing a Program 63 PROGRAM KEYS GO TO , CONT, STOP, END , STEP PRGM , PAUSE , PRINT, FMT 68 PROGRAM OPERATION Entering a Program from the Keyboard 72 Recording a Program on a Magnetic Card 75 Entering a Program from a Magnetic Card 76 Editing a Program 76 Correcting a Program 79 PROGRAM KEYS · CONDITIONAL BRANCHING IF x< y, IF x=-y, IF x > y, IF FLAG, SET FLAG 83 PROGRAM KEYS · SUBROUTINES SUB / RETURN 94 ADDITIONAL PROGRAMMING Efficient Use of the Memory 99 Use of Peripheral Equipment 100 STEP SAVING Entering a Constant 101 Multiply by Two 101 ~Sum of Two Squares' 102 Conditional Operations 102 APPENDIX Range of Arguments Error Summary Key Codes Sales and Service Off1ces ... Vlll GENERAL INFORMATIO This section contains general information about the Model 91008, its accessones, servicing information, etc. Also in· cluded is the turn-on procedure and a method for checking the performance of your calculator. Your Hewlett-Packard 91008 Calculator is an easy-to-use, yet scientific, desk-top calculator. lt is capable of performing operations ranging from the very simple to the very complex, such as are encountered in business, educational, scientific and engineering problems. Trigonometrie, logarithmic and mathematical functions are performed with single key strokes. The 91008 is also programmable: its computer-like memory enables the calculator to store instructions and data for repet1· tive and iterative solutions. Conditional branching (which allows the calculator to automatically make decisions while performing a program) and the use of subroutines provides complete programming capability. Knowledge of special 'machine language' is not required in order to program your calculator. Programs can be recorded on the magnetic cards supplied with the calculator. Recorded programs can be reinserted into the calculator at a later date, thu s eliminating repetition of the time-consuming step-by-step entry. A pull-out instruction card is located, at the front of your calculator, below the keyboard; the operation of each key is briefly explained on this card. CAUTION PLEASE DO NOT APPLY OPERATING POWER TO YOUR 91008 CALCULATOR UNTIL YOU HAVE READ THE TURN-ON INSTRUCTIONS ON PAGE 4 OF THIS MANUAL. DESC 1 2 GENERAL INFOR ATIO The accessories and equipment supplied with each Model 91008 are listed in Table 1. TABLE 1 ACCESSORIES/ EQU!PMENT SUPPLIED PART NO. QUANTITY 09100-9002 1 2 DESCRIPTION Operating and Programm1ng Manual 09100-90022 1 Program Library 09100 -90023 1 Program Pad Magnetic Program Card 09100-90024 1 Containing the Diagnostic Program ::; 4040-0350 1 Dust Cover Magnetic Program Card 5060-5919 1 Container with Ten Program Cards 8120-~078 1 Power Cord :~ Located in the packet on the rear cover of the Program Library. A box of five program pads (Part No. 09100-90020) and bulk quantities of magnetic cards are also obtainable; prices are available on request. PROGRAM LIBRARY The Program Library (listed in Table 1) furnished with your 91008 Calculator 1ncludes programmed solutions to many practical problems in a wide range of business, scientific and engineering fields. It serves both as an illustration of programming techniques and as a source of ready-to-use programs. 'KEYBOARD' PUBLICATION Calculator owners also receive the Hewlett-Packard 'KEYBOARD', a periodic publication which provides updating information for .programs and a forum for the exchange of programs by 9100A and 91008 users. Piease complete the card (located in the packet at the back of the Program Library) and return it to us; this will ensure that your name and address are included in our. 'KEYBOARD' maillng Iist. GENERAL INFORMATION Calculators may also be purchased with the pull-aut instruction card printed in a language other than English. There is no price difference between the Standard and Optional calculators. 91008, Standard: 91008, Option 001: 91008, Option 002: 91008, Option 003: 91008, Option 004: 91008 OPTIO S card printed in English card printed in French card printed in German card printed in ltalian card printed in Spanish The following peripheral equipment {prices available on request) will greatly enhance the versatility of your 91008 Calculator. Theseare also compatible with the 9100A Calculator. ER P EQUI MODEL 9120A PRINTER: Attaches to the top of the calculator and can be added at any time. Prints any combination of the three displays which appear on the screen of your calculator; also lists programs. MODEL 9125A X-Y RECORDER: Provides permanent, accurate graphic solutions of problems solved by the calculator; controlled either manually or by programming the calculator. MODEL 9150A MONITOR SCOPE: Large 19" CRT screen provides a calculator display easily seen from lang distances; especially suitable for educational and lecture-room demonstrations. MODEL 9160A OPTICAL CARD READER: Allows entry into the calculator of programs penciled onto a special card; a useful educational tool enabling fast checking of students' programs. Other peripheral equipment will be available in the future. Service contracts are available for the 91008 Calculator. For further information contact your local Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service office; office locations are listed at the back of this manual. The calculator was carefully inspected both mechanically and electrically before shipment. lt should be physically free of mars or scratches and in perfect electrical order upon receipt. Carefully inspect your calculator for physical darnage caused in transit and check for the accessories listed in Table 1 {page 2 ). Also, check the electrical performance of the calculator as described on Page 4; do not, however, make this check until you have completed the TURN-ON procedure given below. lf the calculator is damaged or if an electrical deficiency is indica.te~, file a claim with the carrier or refer to the warranty on the 1ns1de front cover of this manual. ERVIC CONT AC 3 GENE ALl F ATIO CAUTION USE A SOFT CLOTH TO CLEAN THE DISPLAY WINDOW. ANY ABRASIVE MATERIAL WILL SCRATCH THE SURFACE. The Model 91008 Calculator requires either 115 or 230 V ac, + 10%, 50 to 60 Hertz and 400 Hertz; power requirements are less than 70 watts. A slide switch, located on the rear of the calculator, selects either 115 or 230 V operation. To protect operating personnel, the National Electrical Manufacturer's Association (NEMA) recommends that the calculator keyboard and cabinet be grounded. The calculator is equipped with a three-conductor power cable which, when plugged into an appropriate receptacle, grounds the cabinet and keyboard of the calculator. The round pin on the power cable threepronged connector is the ground connection. J J CAUTION DO NOT APPLY OPERATING POWER TO THE 91008 CALCULATOR UNLESS THE LINE VOLTAGE SWITCH ON THE REAR PANEL IS IN THE PROPER POSITION. OTHERWISE, DAMAGE TO THE POWER TRANSFORMER MAY RESULT. With the calculator dtsconnected from the ac power source, slide the line valtage sw1tch, located on the rear panel, to the position where the line valtage to be used (115 or 230) appears on the switch. Connect the calculator to the ac power source. Switch the OFF - POWER ON switch, located above the keyboard, to the POWER ON position; the three register designators to the right of the d1splay window will light, 1ndicat1ng that power has been applied to the calculator. CTRICAL SPECTION A magnetic card, containing the Diagnost1c Program, is in the packet on the inside rear cover of the Program Library; this program completely tests the electrical performance of the calculator. (The steps of the Diagnostic Program are included in the Miscellaneous section of the Program L1brary.) To enter the program into the calculator: set tf:le sw1tches (located above the keyboard) to these positions: .. RADIAtJS FLOATING POWER ON RUN GENERAL INFOR NOTE lf there is no display after a warm -up of 20 seconds: lf there is a flashing display: lf no key works:· PRESS: STOP and continue with the procedure. Pressthese keys in the order shown (left to right): PRESS: + GO TO ( )( J 0 0 or, a lternatively, PRESS: END Insert the Diagnostic card , with the A arrow pointing down and the PRINTED SIDE TOWARD THE KEYBOARD, into the card reader slot located between the 'RECORD' and 'ENTER' keys. Be sure the card is fully inserted with the printed side fac ing the keyboard. PRESS: ENTER (hold the key pressed until the card is partially ejected from the card reader; if it does not eject then the card is not fully inserted) . Reinsert the Diagnostic card as before except with the B arrow pointing down. PRESS: ENTER When the card is fully ejected PRESS: coNr ('continue') to run the program . Correct operation of the 9100B Calculator is indicated by a display which will momentarily appear on the screen at intervals of about 3 seconds. The first display will appear as shown below: D. DDD DDD DDD DD AT ON 5 6 GENERAL I FOR CTRICAL p c 0 CO NTINUED ATION The second time the display appears the O's are changed to 1 's, the third time to 2's and so on until all 9 ' s appear. Once the cycle, O's through 9 's, has been completed the program automatically recycles and will continue to do so until the 'STOP' key has been pressed. One cycle of 0' through 9 's is sufficient to verify that the calculator is operating satisfactorily. The calculator is not operating correctly: if there is no display at all after about 10 seconds, if the display appears but remains fixed, if there is a display, fixed or flashing, different from the display shown above. lf one of these should occur, first make sure that the four swit ches (in particular the ' DEGREES / RADIANS' switch), located above the keyboard, are correctly set; then carefully repeat the entire procedure to ensure that no error was made the first time. lf the cafculator still will not operate then refer to the warranty, on the inside front cover of th1s manual, for assistance from your nearest Sales and Service Office. ' ( 7 KNOW YOUR 91008 This section contains general information about the Model 91008, which you will need in order to operate the calculator effectively. Terms are explained , wherever they first appear. The examples given in this section are not intended to teach the keyboard, but to illustrate the points be1ng made in the text; by performing the examples, however, you will develop a 'feel' for your calculator. I TRODUCTI Your 91008 is an extremely powerful instrument with a wide range of capabilities. lt may be efficie'ntly used to perform cal culations ranging from the simple adding-machine type of cal culation up to highly sophisticated sc1entific computations. The calculator is particularly valuable in solving problems which are complex but which involve only a moderate amount of data, the type of calculation which previously required a computer; in this respect, because of the wide range of numbers which can be handled at any one time (from 1 x 10 - 98 to 9.999 999 999 x 1099 ), the 91008 Calculator can outperform many computers. Despite its tremendous capability the calculator remains simple to operate. HA I RO The 91008 uses two memory systems. One is a unique HewlettPackard Read - Only - Memory (ROM) . The ROM contain s all the routines ('wired-in' programs) necessary to execute the instructions and calculate the many function s which can be call ed from the keyboard. These routines are fixed and cannot be changed in any way by the person operating the calculator. The second memory is a magnetic-core memory; this adds to the calculator the capability of storing data and of being programmed to automatically process that data. TE I MAGN TIC- COR MEM RY YO R90 CO NTIN UED This memory consists of 35 'registers'. Nineteen of the registers are shown in the diagrammatic sketch of Figure 1; the registers are the horizontal rows designated ( +) 0 through (+ ) F and x, y and z. The sixteen registers, (-1- ) 0 through (+ ) F, form a 'page', the '(+) page'; a further sixteen registers (not shown in Figure 1) designated (- ) 0 through (- ) F form a similar page, the '(- ) page'. The total of thirty-two registers on the (+ ) and (- ) pages is used for storing either program steps or data (as shown in Figure 1). The three remaining registers, (x, y and z) contain the information which is displayed on the calculator screen. On each of the two pages, the first 14 registers, ( +) 0 through ( + ) d, can be used for storing either program steps or data; each register contains 14 'characters', these are the horizontal locations designated 0 through d (the or - sign is not required for the characters). Each character can contain either one program step (one key pressed) or one digit of a data number; if no data is stored in the (+ ) 0 through (+)d registers then a maximum of 392 (2 x 14 x 14) program steps can b .a.ecommodated. + f CHARACTERS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 \ 9 a b c d (+ ) 0 (+ ) I (+ ) 2 (+) 3 (+ ) 4 (+) 5 Program or Data Storage (+) 6 (+) 7 ~ (+) 8 ~ (+) 9 a (+)a ~ (+)b (+)C (+)d ::::111 II ~at~ ~tor:ag~ 11111 X I I I y Display ..o 1 2 3 4 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 9 a b c d z . Figure 1. Magnetic-Core Memory KNOW YOUR 91008 Program steps and data cannot both be stored in any one register at the same time. Each data number requires a complete register (14 characters) for storage, thus for each data number stored the maximum possible number of program steps is reduced by 14. The remaining two registers ( +) e and ( +) F , on each page, are used for data storage only. X keyboard - this register displays numbers as they are entered from the keyboard, one digit at a time. NOTE lf the calculator is currently running a program, press STOP to stop the program. EXAMPLE: Enter 6.34 in the X register. Set the switches above the keyboard to the following positions: SWITCH: FIXED POINT SWITCH: RUN SET DECIMAL DIGITS: 2 Press the keys in the order shown: PRESS: DISPLAY: CLEAR 6 5 .::I"? ::1u ~ • 3 X ("6.34 appears in the X register") 4 10 NOW YOUR 91008 AY .Y accumulator -the result of an arithmetic operation on two num- CONTINUED bers, one in the X register and one in the Y register, appears in the Y register. EXAMPLE: 6.34-7-2 - 3.17 ~ (with 5 . 34 .X ) PRESS: t DISPLAY: 3. I 7 • • 2 ~ )' Z temporary- used for 'temporary' storage; the number is stored in the Z register wh i le a rithmetic operations a re performed on two other numbers in the X and Y registers, then the number in Z can .Ae returned to Y and included once again in the calculation. Use of the Z register saves using the program and data storage registers. EXAMPLE: 3 2~ 2 = 4 (20 will be stored in Z while 3 and 2 are added); PRESS: CLEAR DISPLAY: 20. PRESS: 3 DISPLAY: 20. y ~ t ~ Z, 3. ~ Y 2 PR ESS: DISPLAY: t 0 2 2. X and Y can now be added with out affect ing Z; PRESS: .... DISPLAY: + 5. ~ )' 1 KNOW YOUR 91008 z is nov-1 returned to Y for the division to be performed: PRESS: DISPLAY: 20. PRESS: -•• DISPLAY: 4 .DD ~ ~ .Y , 5. ,Y A powerful feature of your 91008 Calculator is the tremendous range of numbers (1 x 10-9 to 9.999 999 999 x 10~1 n) which it accurately handles without special attention on the part of the operator. You do not have to worry about locating the decimal point on the machine for the greatest accuracy of calculation. No matter which 'format' is chosen, FLOATING or FIXED POINT, and no matter where the DECIMAL DIGITS wheel is set, the calculator always calculates with the same high degree of accuracy. The choice of 'format' affects only the display, not the calculation (which is always in floating point). The calculator stores all numbers and performs all arithmetic operations in 'floating point'. A FLOATING POINT number is nothing more than a number written in a convenient shorthand; the number consists of two parts , the 'principle value' and the 'exponent'. The 'principal value' consists of the digits of the number with the decimal point placed after the first digit (e.g. 1.23456). The 'exponent', which is written as a positive or negative power of 10, represents the number of places and the direction. that thP decimal point should be moved to express the number as a FIXED POINT number. The following examples illustrate the difference between 'floating' and 'fixed point'. FIXED POINT FLOATING POINT (PRINCIPLE VALUE) Example (a) 1234.56 Example (b) .00123456 Example (c) 1.23456 1.23456 1.23456 1.23456 (EXPONENT) X 10 3 I0-3 X 10° X Although 10 digits (plus the 2 exponent digits) are displayed, all numbers are stored and used in the calculator with 12 significant dig1ts, plus the exponent. The two extra digits are the 'guard digits' (these should not be confused with the exponent digits). The purpese of these guard dig1ts is to maintain greater than 10 place accuracy during calculation and to round the GUA D IGIT NOW YOU R IG T CONTINUED 91008 least significant digi t displayed when 'f ixed point ' display is selected. ln 'f loating point' the last displayed digit is not rounded. The following example illust rat es t he use of t he guard digit s in maintaining accuracy. EXAMPLE: divide 6.000 000 001 by 3 and then mult iply the result by 3. SWITCH: FIXED POINT SWITCH : RUN SET DECIMAL DIGITS: 9 PRESS: CLEAR 6 • PRESS: 0 0 0 PRESS: 0 0 0 PRESS: 0 0 1 6 . DDDDDDDD I ~ I I DISPLAY: PRESS: DISPLAY: 3 -•• c. DDDDDDDDD ~ t ~t .Y if there were no guard di gits then , when the x (mul tiply) key wa s pressed, the di splay woul? show 6 000000000 and not the 6 000000001 wht ch was ongtnally tnserted ; PRESS. DISPLAY: X 6 . DDDDDDDD I accu racy has not been lost . ~ )' 3 KNOW YOUR 91008 lf you wish to view the contents of the guard digits at any time, this is easily done. EXAMPLE: if the 7T key ts pressed, pi is inserted with 12 digits (although only t he first ten digits are displayed); to view the last two digits, which are contained in the guard digits. perform the following: SWITCH: FLOATING SWITCH: RUN PRESS: DISPLAY: t 7T 3. 141 592 653 Y ~exponent DD ~ By subtracting the first two digits (3.1) from TT the contents of the guard digits can be di splayed. DISPLAY: • 3 PRESS: 4. !59 265 360 1 - - D2 ~ y gua rd d igits ln 'fixed point' mode, if t he number in any one display register 'overflows' (i.e. becomes too large for a particular setting of the DECIMAL DIGITS wheel) t hen the display of that register automatically changes to 'floating point'. EXAMPLE: SWITCH : FIXED POINT SWITCH : RUN SET DECIMAL DIGITS: CONTINUED 7 0 4 KNOW YOUR 91008 CONTINUED PRESS: CLEAR 1 2 3 PRESS: 4 5 6 7 PRESS: 8 9 8 DISPLAY: /23 . 4561898 ~ • X Notice that with the DECIMAL DIGITS wheel set to 7 there are 7 digits to the right of the decimal point a nd 3 to the left. I I SET DECIMAL DIGITS: 8 DIS PLAY: I . 234 561 89 8 02 ~ X When the DECIMAL DIGITS wheel is switched to 8, the calculator can display only two digits to the left; the number becomes too large for the register and 'overflow' occurs , the X register reverts automatically to 'floating point' and no digits are lost. lf the number 'underflows' (i.e. becomes too small for the DECIM AL DIGITS setting) then t he display does not revert t o floattng point. Zeros will appea r in the display but t he nun1ber is still contained in th e calculator in f loat ing point. As an example of 'underf low' ent er 4 x I0 - 6 (.000004) into the calculator: FIXED POINT SWITCH : SET DECIMAL DIGITS: 6 X • 0 PRESS: 0 0 4 DISPLAY: .DDDDD4 PRESS: CONTINUED CLEAR ~ X 0 0 15 KNOW YOUR 91008 SET DECIMAL DIGITS: 5 DISPLAY: . DDDDD the number underflows and zeros appear tn the X register. SWITCH: FLOATING DISPLAY: 4. - 05 ~ .t accuracy is not lost even though the d1splay did not automatically change to float ing point. ln either case, 'overflow' or 'underflow' , the digits are not lost because the calculator always operates in 'floating point' regardle ss of the display mode. The range of the 91008 is from 9 999 999 999 x 10 99 to 1 x 10-98 • Even thou gh 9 .999 999 999 x 10- 9 ~, can be entered and stored in the calculator the lowest effective range is still 1 x 10- 9 ; the following example demon strates this . EXAMPLE: (2 X 10-=i 0 ) X (5 X 10 - 50 ) 10 X 10 - lOO 1 X 10- 9 f' SWITCH : FLOATING SWITCH: RUN PRESS: CLEAR 2 ENTER EXP PRESS: 5 0 t PR ESS: 5 ENTER EXP SIGN PRESS: X CHG CHG SIGN 5 0 (t he Y register 'overflows' and displays zero; in th is case when 'overflow' occurs t he information is lost.) A NOW YOUR 91008 AL I lf a mathematically illegal operation, such as division by 0, is performed, then a light, located at the left of the display, is 'set' (lights up). lf the calculator 1s running a program when the illegal operation occurs the light will remain lit, but the program will continue to run. The light can be 'reset' (switched off) by pressing any key on the keyboard. Illegal operations are listed on Page 21. EXAMPLE: division by 0 (zero) RUN SWITCH: PRESS: CLEAR 1 t 0 • • the light 'sets'. Notice that the operation is performed even though lf is 'Illegal'; the result, 9.999 999 999 x 1099 , which is infinity as far as the calculator is concerned, appears in the Y register. PRESS: any key the light 'resets'. NOTE There are (apparent) exceptions to this when a key is pressed which then performs another illegal operation; although the light does 1n fact 'reset' it will be immediately 'set' by the new 1llegal operat1 on. I THE KEYBOARD This section descnbes the function of a II switches and keys except those used for programming only, which are described under programming. Each key is fully described , in a logical 'learn -the keyboard ' sequence, in two parts-a briet explanation in bold pnnt, which may be used as a qu1ck reference, followed by more detailed information with examples. The keyboard presentation on Page IV is an index of the pages on wh1ch the 'bold print' explanations appear. INTRODUC I Whenever possible, you should Iook for the shortest method of working a problern in order to reduce the number of steps re quired. This will save time when making calculations and will prove invaluable when writing programs, where the number of steps may be limited. Several step-sav1ng hints are included with the examples in this section of the manual. S EP-SA ln the examples, the keying instructions will be given in either one of two formats, depending on which is the more suitable presentation for the particular example: Format (a) PRESS: CL EAR 2 ENTER EXP PRESS: 5 0 t CHG SIGN in which the keys are pressed in the order shown, from left to nght, top line, then secend line, etc . Format (b) STEP KEY STEP KEY 1 CLEAR 5 0 t 2 3 2 5 6 ENTER EXP 7 4 CHG SIGN in which the keys are pressed in STEP sequence 1, 2, ~· 4, etc. Use of Format (b) will also ass1 st present n~~ - programmers ' to make the transition to program wnt1ng. as this is a simplified way of writing a program. 17 8 TH K Y OARD Switching instructions remain as before; rar example RUN SWITCH: means "set the PROGRAM - RUN switch to the RUN position." NOTE lf a switch is not shown, it may be left in any position; it will, however, be assumed throughout this section that the PROGRAM - RUN switch is always in the RUN position. The setting of the DECIMAL DIGITS wheel will appear as (for example): SET: DECIMAL DIGITS to 5 I J Statements such as shown as: DISPLAY: 61 9.00 appears 1n the Y register" will be 9 .DD ~ y 'Enter' implies 'insertion' unless stated otherwise. EXAMPLE: "Enter a program" means "insert a program into the calculator." 19 THE KEYBOARD SWITCHES Applies ac line power to the calculator. OFF~ POWER Lights the register designators, located to the right of the display; these also act as a pilot light to indicate that the calculator is 'on'. NOTE See Page 4 for power requ irements and turn -on instructions. Selects the type of unit, degrees or radians, to be used and displayed in calculations involving the trigonometric functions; angles must be entered and will be displayed in the units selected. Resetting the switch from DEGREES (RADIANS) to RADIANS (DEGREES) will not automatically convert degrees (radians) to radians (degrees); to make the conversion refer to Page 44 . Selects the mode of calculator operation. DEGREES ROG A PROGRAM MODE: used when entering a program from the keyboard and when editing a program ( explained in the programming section of this manual). RUN MODE: used when performing calculations, entering a program from a magnetic card, running a program and addressing the program counter (the programming functions are explained in the programming section of this manual). Selects the display mode (see also Page 11 ) . FLOATING DECIMAL POINT: numbers of up to ten digits are displayed plus the two digit exponent (which indicates the power of ten multiplier). Non significant zeros are blank- ed. EXAMPLE: NUMBER 12,345.67898 == 1.234567898 X 10 4 DISPLAY 1. 234 567 898 04 I F OATING lW FIX D P E KEYBOARD 2 SWITCHES ED CONTINUED OIN FIXED DECIMAL POINT: the number is displayed as it is com· monly written, with no exponent and the decimal point correctly placed. The least significant displayed digit is automatically rounded. lf the number to be displayed overflows to the left of the decimal point then the display for the overflowed register automatically reverts to floating decimal point. When underflow occurs the display does not revert to floating decimal point. Positions the decimal point on the display. The wheel setting designates the maximum number of digits which can appear to the right of the decimal point. EXAMPLE: (See KEYING and SWITCHING INSTRUCTIONS on Page 17 ). Jl SWITCH: FIXED POINT STEP KEY STEP KEY 1 2 3 4 5 6 CLEAR 7 • 1 8 2 3 9 10 11 12 6 7 8 9 8 4 5 DISPLAY DECIMAL WHEEL SETTING SET: DECIMAL DIGITS to 5 !23Lf5 . 61898 ~ X SET: DECIMAL DIGITS to 3 /2345.619 ~ X \ Leading zeros blanked SET: ... DECIMAL DIGITS to 6 I. 234 561 89 8 \ Last d"1g1•t rounded 04 -+ X Number too large for this this setting - automat1cally reverts to float1ng point. THE KEYBOARD SWITCHES ILLEGAL OPERATIONS LIGHT, to the left of the CRT, indicates that a mathematically illegal operation has been performed, either from the keyboard or from the program. An illegal operation during a program will not stop the program; however, the light will remain set. Press any key on the keyboard to reset the light (see Page 16 for examples and apparent exceptions to this). Illegal operations are: Division by zero {X where x < 0 ln x where x < 0; log x where x < 0 arc sin x where jxj > 1; arc cos x where lxl > 1 arc cosh x where x < 1; arc tanh x where !xl > 1 21 22 T OA D NTRY KEY The d_igit keys, 0 through 9, are used to enter numbers into the ~ regaster. Numbers are entered serially, the last digit becomang the least significant digit. THROUGH Used in conjunction with the following keys to provide access to the registers in the magnetic core memory: ~0 TO ~ ) ~ ), X-+l J, X+( J, y ... , J and yt.' 1 (this use as explaaned an the pages describing the listed keys). EXAMPLE: enter 12345.06789 swrrcH: FIXED POINT SET: DECIMAL DIGITS to 5 PRESS: CLEAR 1 2 3 PRESS: 4 5 • 0 PRESS: 6 7 8 9 I DISPLAY: 12345.06189 ~ X Clears the X register only (0. ~ X). Clears the ARC and HYPER conditions. lt is not necessary to press CLEAR X before each entry. CLEAR X is required if the number in X has not been 'termtnated' but is to be erased w1thout affecttng any other regaster. +, A number is terminated when an operatton (e.g. -+, etc.) has been performed after entry of the number; in this case the next number entered will automattcally replace the terminated number and CLEAR X ts not required. A number ts not termtnated if the last key used was a dtgit, decimal point, CHG SIGN or ENTER EXP: tn thts case, tf CLEAR X 1s not used, the next number entered will not replace the un· termtnated number but become a part of tt. NOTE Many of the examples throughout thts text tnclude the CLEAR X key only because the preceedtng examples may have left an unterminated number tn the X register. THE KEYBOARD ENTRY KEYS The example following serves three functions: illustrates the use of the CLEAR X key; illustrates the d1fference between terminated and unterminated numbers; provides a valuable 'time-saving' hint. A long IIst of numbers is to be added; as each number is added, the accumulative total appears in the Y register and the last number entered appears in the X register. Halfway through the Iist, the person operating the calculator is distracted; when he returns to the Iist he is embarrassed as he cannot remember whether or not the number in X has been added to the total in Y. The example shows how the CLEAR X key can be used to determine this without repeating the complete Iist. EXAMPLE: Add -, -, 7, 32, 4, -, -, etc. operator interrupted here (assume that the numbers before 7 total 456) STEP 1 KEY CLEAR 4 2 3 4 5 6 5 t ~ y (accumulative total) '155 this sets up the situation described; the next numbers to be added are 7 and 32: STEP 6 KEY 7 + 7 3 2 8 9 7 7 32 ~ X, X, '153 ~ ~Y ~ X, '153 ~ y ~ the operator is interrupted and now he cannot recall w~ether or not the key was pressed. Ta determine th1s: + STEP 10 KEY CONTINUED 1 321 ~ X I '153 ~ y 23 TRY EYS 1 has not replaced 32; obviousl y 32 was not •terminated' which indicates th at th e key was not pressed. To correct and continue the Iist: + CONTINUED STEP 11 12 13 14 15 16 KEY CLEAR X 3 2 + D. ~ X, 463 ~ Y 32 ~ X, 46 3 ~ Y 32 ~ .,t, 495 ~ Y ~ .X, 499 ~ Y 4 + etc. To illust rate the case where th e pressed : STEP KEY ,l-th rough-9 of the previous example 10 + to determine if the STEP 11 + key has been 32 ~ --~ , 463 ~ y 32 ~ X , 495 ~ y 495 ~ y + key ha s been used: KEY I 1 ~ .'t , 1 has rep laced 32; therefore 32 was •terminated' wh ich ind icates that the key must have been used. To correct and continue the ltst· + STEP 12 13 KEY CLEAR X D ~ X, 495 ~ y 4 etc. 'CLEAR' does not clear the entire contents of the memory. Clears the display registers (0 --+ x, y, z). Clears the ( + ) e and ( r ) f registers in the magnetic core memory (this .is explained in the pages dealing with the ACC+ and ACC- keys). Clears the SET FLAG condition (explained under programming). Clears the ARC and HYPER conditions. THE KEYBOARD ENTRY KEYS lt is not always necessary to use the CLEAR key before performing a new calculation , except in the case of an unterminated entry (expla ined under CLEAR X key) and the special case explained under ACC+ and ACC-, new information automatically replaces the old. CLEAR is, however, often a useful step, especially in a program, as old information in the x, y, z, ( + )e , and ( )f registers could give an erroneous result to a calculation . + Clears the exponent in the X register and causes the next digit entries (0 to 9) and CHG SIGN to affect only • the exponent. The exponent is entered serially, each new digit entered becomes the least significant digit of the exponent. Pressing decimal point key after the ENTER EXP key has been pressed clears the ENTER EXP condition (see description of decimal point key). Pressing ENTER EXP after any keyboard operation, except digit entry will enter 1 in the X register. EXAMPLES: SWITCH: FLOATING SET: DECIMAL DIGITS to 3 (a) Enter 1 x 10° (1 .0) PRESS: DISPLAY: CLEAR ENTER X EXP I . 000 000 000 00 ~ X (note that it is not necessary to use the 1 or decimal point keys.) repeat with : DISPLAY: FIXED POINT I . 000 ~ X (b) Enter 1 x 103 (1000) SWITCH: FLOATING PRESS: CLEAR DISPLAY. / . 000 000 000 X ENTER EXP 3 03 ~ X 25 6 THE K YBOARD EN RY KEYS (note that the 1 and decimal point keys are not used) CONTI NU ED FIXED POINT repeat with: DISPLAY: ~ I DDD . DDD X (c) Enter 1.2678 x 102 (126.78) SWITCH: CLEAR 6 X 1 2 PRESS: • 7 8 DISPLAY: 1.261 8 PRESS: I I FLOATING ~ X 02 alternatively, X 1 2 6 PRESS: 7 8 ENTER 2 DISPLAY: I. 267 8 PRESS: CLEAR EXP Numbers smaller than 1 x 10 9 must be entered using the ENTER EXP key. EXAMPLE: Enter 2 x 10 - 1o (.000 000 000 2) FIXED POINT SWITCH: SET: DECIMAL DIGITS to 9 (a) lncorrect entry: PRESS: PRESS: CONTINUED CLEAR X 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 THE KEYBOARD ENTRY KEYS 0 0 PRESS: ~ DISPLAY: 2. SWITCH: FLOATING DISPLAY: 2. 0 2 X - DD ~ X the requ1red number has not been entered. (b) Gorreet entry: • PRESS: CLEAR X 2 PRESS: ENTER EXP CHG SIGN 1 DISPLAY: 2. - /D ~ 0 X Changes the sign of the contents of the X register. lf ENTER EXP was pressed, changes the sign of the exponent only. EXAMPLE: Enter 4.9 x 10-3 ( .0049) SWITCH: FLOATING SET: DECIMAL DIGITS to 4 PRESS: CLEAR X 4 9 PRESS: ENTER EXP CHG SIGN 3 DISPLAY: - '1.9 repeat with: DISPLAY: - 03 FIXED POINT - . 00'19 ~ X ~x CHG