Historical Document · 1965
Friden Report on the Victor 3900 (1965)
A 1965 Friden competitive report concerning the Victor 3900 MOS calculator, held by the Old Calculator Web Museum.
Historical Document · 1965
A 1965 Friden competitive report concerning the Victor 3900 MOS calculator, held by the Old Calculator Web Museum.
Electronic Calculators Report 1965 I iden. lernaleonal Ff TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Electronic Calculators - IME 84 RC — Marchant Cogito 240 Marchant Cogito 240SR Olympia RAE 4/15 Sage I Sumlock Comptometer Ltd. Victor 3900 Electronic Japanese Calculators Electronic Printing Calculators Monroe Epic 2000 Olivetti Programma 101 Philips EL 2500 Wanderer Conti Electronic Scientific Calculators — Mathatronics, Inc. — Wang Laboratories, Inc. - Wyle Laboratories Products Division INTRODUCTION Possibly most significant in the evolution of mechanical calculators was the introduction in 1642, of ‘toothed wheels’ by Blaise Pascal. Three centuries later, FRIDEN Inc. introduced to the market the first American electronic desk calculator. Actually there are now more than twenty-five companies, who manufacture electronic desk calculators. This report is intended to classify all the different types of electronic calculators marketed in the world. The basic aspects of all the electronic desk calculators have been covered in this survey. However, it should be borne in mind that the construction, operation, and prices of such equipment may change from time to time. All information contained within this report regarding equipment of other companies was obtained from sources believed to be reliable. The following companies also have announced that they will bring onto the market an electronic desk calculator. — Rheinmetall Eastern Germany — Diehl Germany — Settlematic ULS.A. — Electrosolids U.S.A. -— Nisj Mika Alas Yugoslavia —- Sony MV-O Japan — Elka Bulgaria As more information concerning these units is made available, sub- sequent reports will be published. Many people have assisted in preparing this report. We are indebted to all of them. Particular thanks go to the Product Planning Dept. of San Leandro and Nijmegen, the Sales Promotion Dept. of Rochester and Friden International, District UI for the information they have given, Electronic Calculators IME 84 RC The IME 84 has already been completely described in a former com- parison with our Friden 130, issued by the International Education Centre at Berg en Dal. A new development of the Industria Macchine Elettroniche S.p.A. in Rome is the IME RC, which is anelectronic desk calculator with Remote Con- trol. Up to four remote keybaords can be connected to each machine. The connection is done by means of a special cable. If move than one keyboard has to be connected, a distribution box is required. IME makes great fanfare with this system, but it is very doubtful if it will prove to be succesful in future. MARCHANT COGITO 240 EXPLANATION OF REGISTERS AND KEYBOARD The K register consists of 16 zero digits. The first four zeros can only be used as zero digits in a decimal number. Consequently, a whole number would start in the fifth digit position from the left. A decimal entry, with several zeros immediately after the decimal point, causes the decimal point to incorporate the first four zero digits. If more than four digits follow the decimal point in a decimal entry, the decimal will appear on the right side of the Q register. The following examples will illustrate these possibilities. 3419689 K00003419689.00000 .03 Ko000300000000000 .0003 Ka0o000 30000000000 -0000003 K oo000300000000000 Q00000000000000.90 34,26 K0000342600000000 The Q register is used to show either quotients or multipliers. Again, the first four digit positions on the left of this 16 digit register are used as zeros in a decimal quotient or multiplier. OOO & f¢ eer Oe © ee oe Oe K 2, coool’ iSbooaoae. 4 Q caoo 1§eblo labouan P The P register is acombination of the bottom two columns of zeros. The second from the bottom register has 16 zero digits. The first four zero digits are used only as zero digits in decimal answers in the same manner as described for the K register. The bottom register has 12 zero digits with four blank spaces on the right. The total of these two registers provides a combination of 24 usable digits for a product. A 24 digit product would be read from the fifth left digit position in the second column from the bottom to the right. The number continues with the last 12 digits in the bottom column from the extreme left position to the right. The following examples will illustrate this procedure: 123456789.012345678901234 and .00012345678901 234567890 appears as: 000012345678 9%,01 2 345678901234 0000123456789012 345678900000 The P register is also used for the dividend in a division problem, and answers to addition and subtraction problems. Corresponding to the visible K, Q and P registers are invisible or storage registers K, Q and P. These storage registers have the same capacities and will store any number in its equivalent visible register. What is in the visible Q register can be stored in the invisible Q stor- age register. The stacking principle incorporated on the 130 should not be confused with the register configuration or operation on the COGITO 240. There is very little relationship. Movement between registers on the COGITO must be actuated by the depression of a function key. Numbers do not necessarily move from the keyboard register down in sequence. When a dividend is indexed onthe keyboard, itappears in the K register. When the DIV + key is depressed, the dividend moves from the KK register to the P register. Another difference is that zeros are about half the size of all other digit entries. (p = [s/c /m| MARCHANT x ACCUM C DECIMAL c 4 \ An eleven key keyboard is used for input of all numbers, It includes a decimal point key and an L-shaped zero bar similar to the zero bar on the AFY adding machine. The decimal point key is used whenever a deci- mal point appaers in a number. It is not used for whole numbers. The POS and NEG keys have the same function as the CHANGE SIGN key on the 130, All numbers indexed onthe keyboard are positive. When entering a negative number, the NEG key must be depressed after the number is indexed on the keyboard. To change a negative number in the Q or P register to positive, it must be transferred to the K register. After the number has been transferred to the K register merely de- pressing the POS key changes the number from negative to positive. The CLEAR K key above the keyboard is used to clear an incorrect entry in the K register without disturbing any of the other registers. The CLEAR K key has the same function as the CLEAR ENTRY key on the 130. FUNCTION KEYS The Minus (-) and Plus (+) keys are self-explanatory. The DIV +key is used for the first factor in a division problem. When depressed, it causes the number indexed in the keyboard and appearing in the K register, to move from the K register to the P register. The P register shows the dividend inadivision problem, as well as products in multiplication problems. The + =key is used after the second factor in a division problem is in- dexed in the keyboard and appears in the keyboard register. When the + = key is depressed, the divisor in the K register divides into the di- vidend in the P register; the quotient to the problem appears in the Q register. When the dividend moves from the K register to the P register, the decimal point position is retained or is identical to its prosition when the number was in the K register. The decimal in the divisor is also indicated at the time the decimal point key is depressed when the divisor is indexed in the keyboard. The divisor appears simultaneously in the K register as it is being indexed. Consequently, visual proof of both factors, with decimal points, is accomplished prior to the initiation of the actual operation of + = key. The + ACCUM switch, when moved up, allows automatic accumulation of quotients. This does not provide for individual quotients however, but rather an accumulated subtotal at the completion of each problem. It is assumed that the switch must be moved to the off position at the end of the problem. The X key is used for the firstfactor in a multiplication problem. When the multiplier is indexed in the keyboard, it appears in the K register. Depressing the X key causes the first factor (the multiplier) to trans- fer to the Q register. The decimal position remains the same when the multiplier is transferred. The second factor (the multiplicand) is in- dexed in the keyboard and appears in the K register. Touching the X - key activates the multiplication operation and the product appears in the P register. As in division, both factors can be checked with the decimal point prior to touching the X = key. A maximum of two 12 digit factors can be entered and a 24 digit product can be developed. The multiplication operation is slower than the 130 because the decimal scans all the digits in the product register to find the correct position, On the 130 when anoperation is being performed the screen momentarily blanks out while the operation is performed. On the Cogito the operator is aware of the movement involved during the operation and can actually see the decimal point scanning the digits in the product dial to find the correct location. This scanning occurs after the operation and conse- quently requires more time. Those who have seen both the 130 and the COGITO are aware of a noticeable difference in speed and readily admit that the COGITO IS SLOWER, The X ACCUM switch is used when the accumulation of products is re- quired. By moving the X ACCUM switch forward, products are accumul- ated in the product dials. The individual product is not given in this method. Only the accumulated subtotals and total are shown, TRANSFER KEYS On the left side of the keyboard there is a group of keys used primarily for the transfer of numbers between registers. The RESET key at the top of the keyboard is used to clear all registers, It is similar to the CLEAR ALL key on the 130. Itclears all registers including the storage registers. A series of four keys marked Q—*K, Q—*P, P—*K, and P—Q are used to transfer numbers in the visible display registers. For example, if you wish to make a quotient a multiplicand, the Q—®K key is depressed and the number in the Q register is transferred to the K register. The three keys at the bottom of this group marked EXCHANGE, ENTER and RECALL are used in conjunction with the Q and P keys directly above them. The EXCHANGE key will exchange what is in the visible K register with what is in the invisible or storage K register. Depressing the EXCHANGE and P keys, exchanges what is in the visible P register with what is in the storage P register without disturbing the K or Q reg- isters. The same function occurs when the EXCHANGE and Q keys are depressed. The contents of the visible Q register are switched with contents of the storage Q register without disturbing the P or K reg- isters. It should be noted when the EXCHANGE key is used alone it involves the K register only. The ENTER key, used in conjunction with the P and Q keys, provides the method for entering the contents of the visible K, P or Q registers into the storage K, P or Q registers. If it is necessary to store a product in the P register, simply depress the ENTER and P keys and the number moves to the P storage register. When the ENTER key is depressed a- lone, the contents of the K register enters the K storage register. Of course, all other registers remain unaffected when a number is stored in a particular register. The RECALL key uses the same pocedure as the EXCHANGE and ENTER keys. The RECALL key used alone, or with the P or Q keys, recalls or transfers a number in one storage register to its compan- ion register in the display. It is assumed that any number in the storage register is replaced by the number to be stored. This is similar to the 130/132 procedure. If a number is already in the storage register and another number is entered, the first figure is cleared out automatically to make way for the new one. Also, numbers cannot be accumulated in the storage registers. The number must be recalled to the display and accumulated there and then returned to the appropriate storage. Consequently, ob- taining individual extensions anda grand totalisa complicated procedure since it requires a great deal of transferring. MARCHANT COGITO 240-SR The COGITO 249SR has all the features of the COGITO 240. In addition to these basic features, it has Automatic Grand Total Multiplication and Square Root. The Square Root feature involves two keys -the Vv key and the V = key. Thev key is used to enter the radicand and the v = key is used to initiate the operation. The procedure followed is Newton’s method. Consequently, an approximation of the square root of the radicand must be entered after the radicand has been indexed and the v key is de- pressed. After the approximation is indexed inthekeyboard the V = key activates the operation. If a poor approximation is made the time required to extract the root is much longer than when a very close approximation is made, On the 132, this is a two step - one key operation. On the COGITO, the same operation requires 4 steps, two keys anda great deal of operator de- cision regarding the selection of an approximation. Automatic Grand Total Multiplication, the accumulation of individual extensions, is a special feature on the COGITO 240SR. Although this operation can be accomplished on the COGITO 240, it requires a great many operational steps. These operational steps have been internally programmed so that the operation is less complicated and faster on the COGITO 240SR, SPECIFICATIONS COGITO™ 240-SR ELECTRONIC CALCULATOR Split-Second Speed with the Utmost Simplicity and Silence! 1. INSTANT ELECTRONIC CALCULATIONS — Solid-state electronic components add, subtract, multiply, di- vide, store and recall in fractions of a second. 2. SIMPLIFIED KEYBOARD — Basic high-speed 10-key ‘“‘adding-machine” input. Operating keys grouped to the right for touch operation and ease of operation. Transfer and memory keys grouped to the left for convenience. 3. CATHODE-TUBE VIEWING SCREEN — Exclusive view control makes all numbers sharp and clear in any light. All entries and results are displayed with their cor- rect arithmetic signs. 4. TREMENDOUS CAPACITY — Can multiply two 12-digit numbers and display a 24- digit answer. Decimal point is correctly pointed off within a range of 144 decimal places. 5. AUTOMATIC FLOATING DECIMAL POINT— Absolutely no pre-setting is required. Touching the decimal key automatically points off the decimal in entries...al- ways gives decimally correct answers. 6. AUTOMATIC GRAND-TOTAL MULTIPLICATION — Dis- plays the answers of individual multipli- cations and automatically accumulates the grand total. 7. THREE STORAGE MEMORIES— Three positive or negative numbers can be stored simultaneously and recalled with their correct sign and decimal as con- stants in any operation. 8. COMPLETE TRANSFER FLEXIBILITY —AIl entries or results can be trans- ter or memory for further use. 9. AUTOMATIC ACCUMULATION OF MULTIPLIERS —In- dividual multipliers are displayed and are automat- ically accumulated decimally correct, either positively or negatively. 10. AUTOMATIC ACCUMULATIVE MULTIPLICATION & DIVISION — Positive or negative, in any order, with complete decimal control. 11. AUTOMATIC SQUARING OR RAISING TO A POWER —No need to re-enter intermediate results. The COGITO gives summation of X?, 2XY, Y?, X and Y by accumulating squares and multipliers. 12. SQUARE ROOT — The COGITO 240-SR™ computes square roots ia Vv to the 12th significant digit. _ 13. AUTOMATIC CLEARANCE — No separate clearance operation is required as previous calculations clear automatically. The reset key instantly clears all visual registers without destroying factors in the memories. 14, AUTOMATIC REPEAT OPERATIONS — Addition, sub- traction and multiplication are repeated automat- ically without re-entries or pre-setting. 15. DISTINCTIVE ZEROS — Half-size zeros permit quick read-out by emphasizing significant figures. 16. THREE-FACTOR PROOF — Multiplier, multiplicand and answer are all displayed decimally correct. An indicator light identifies answer in all calculations. 17, DESK-TOP COMPACTNESS — Uses only 15 inches by 19 inches of desk space...stands just 10 inches high...weighs but a light 35 pounds. 18. STANDARD ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENT —The COGITO operates on standard current, using as little electricity as a 100-watt bulb. Rest position on exclu- sive three-position switch eliminates costly warm-up time... permits instant “‘on’’ operation. Although a thorough operational knowledge of these calculators is not possible at this time, the following competitive weaknesses are based on ‘the facts that are known, It is felt that further knowledge of the machine will not alter our present competitive critique. —- Both the COGITO 240 and 240SR are highly over-priced in comparison to existing competitive prices. The COGITO 240 costs 31995 and the COGITO 240SR $3 2195. - Both the COGITO 240 and 240SR are slower than the 130 and 132. - Simplicity found on the 130 and 132 are nonexistent on the COGITO. These calculators are extremely complicated to operate. - Square root on the 240SR is archaic. - Neither of the COGITO models have the simplicity and flexibility of the Stacking Principle. - The three storage registers on the COGITO models do not appear to have the flexibility of the storage register and stack on the 130/132. - Programming required on the COGITO has reduced the computations on these calculators to rotary calculator operations. In general, it can be said that the Cogito LACKS THE SPEED, SIMPLI- CITY AND FLEXIBILITY of the 130/132 and the Cogito models are approximately 3 550.00 more expensive. OLYMPIA RAE 4-15 The Olympia RAE 4/15 electronic desk calculator is equipped with a display of Nixi tubes. It is a four functions machine with three essential registers (1 display and 2 calculating registers) and 2 registers (core memories) for storing amounts or memorising constant figures. Each individual register has a capacity of fifteen digits while some answers can be obtained up to 26digits. However, the division is limited to 14 digits. The floating decimal point is a full automatic feature. All registers are interconnected, so that results can be transferred from one register to another. The machine is fully transistorized. Its dimensions are 400 x 425 x 200 mm and its weight is 14.0 kg. e A ® @ The Olympia 4/15 is operated via a 11 key-keyboard and 21 control keys for arithmetical operations, storing and clearance. Those keys can be split up into 5 different groups: clear keys (4 keys) transfer keys (4 keys) check controls (4 keys) store keys (4 keys) function keys for arithmetical operations (5 keys), Ue WN Eece Sece ELL = & <P Clear key for display (1) Clear key for calculating registers (II/IIL) Clear key storage I register 4 Clear key storage II register 5 Transfer key with clear- ance of storage I Transfer key with clear- ance of storage II Transfer key without clearance of storage I Transfer key without clearance of storage II Check controls for re- gister Il Check controls for re- gister III Check controls for store I Check controls for store Il <I Plus key Minus key Multiply key Divide key Equal key Plus key store I Plus key store II Minus key store I Minus key store II The entry of the amounts is just as on the EC 130; the entry overwrites the contents in the registers except in the storages, In those registers the amounts to be stored are added or subtracted. A transfer from the storages can take place with or without clearance of these storages, de- pending upon the key to be depressed. The entry of insignificant zeros is superfluous. When we compare the Olympia RAE 4/15 with the Friden EC 130, it is important to state that besides some advantages of the RAE 4/15 (such as the capacity of 15 digits and the solution of overcapacity problems) the EC 130 is easier and simplier to operate, needs less operations in order to solve the different problems and has more possi- bilities. The capacity of 15 digits sounds to be a great advantage but in fact it is not, because the floating decimal point reduces the capacity considerably. Only in few cases one needs to have all digits right of the decimal point and therefore most people prefer a fixed decimal point location, Although the Olympia RAE 4/15 is able to perform multiplications with products up to 26 digits, it is impossible to store those amounts. The only advantage in this operation is the automatic decimal point setting. On the Friden EC 130 it is also possible to obtain a product up to 26 digits; however, it requires some more operations, while the automatic decimal point location is lacking. On the other hand Friden EC 130 @has only 12 control keys, @)enables the operator to store 3 different amounts of which two are always visible, (3)needs less operations to solve problems example: problem: 6x 5x 4x3 x2 - 720 on Olympia:6x5-x4-x3-x2- (8 operations) on Friden: 6 enter 2 xX 4 x 3 x (5 operations) 2x has a more logical operation (The plus and minus key on Olympia have to be depressed BEFORE the entry of the amounts, while in multi- plications and divisions the Mult. and Div. key are depressed AFTER the Entry) it is not necessary to clear the registers when the machine is set in ON condition 6) will tolerate a fixed variation in voltage making no errors between those variations. Information was received that in this respect Olympia should not be reliable. Mis calculating with algebraic signs, while the Olympiais working with complimentary numbers, which have to be transferred. Alsoin further operations those negative amounts on the Olympia will prove to be very inconvenient and will cause many difficulties. ()has an overflow lock key and locks the keys, the decimal as well as the function keys. When the capacity of the Olympia has been exceeded only asignal lights up and there will be no lock of the keys. That means that in some cases specially for fast operators it is difficult to know when the capacity is exceeded. The price of the Olympia 4/15 in Germany is DM 5.850. SAGE | The SAGE I is developed by DERO RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CORP, SPECIFICATIONS: Size: Height - 6 3/8 inches, Width - 12 1/4 inches, Depth - 12 13/16 inches Weight: 12 Pounds Capacity: Calculation capacity to 20 digits. Any number up to 9,999,999,999 displayed. ‘Double Precision’ feature per- mits display of both the ten most significant digits and the ten least significant digits of any resultineither sequence, Display: Bright, segmented screen. Most significant zeros blanked. Large, easy viewing digits - each 7/8 inches high by 5/8 inches wide. Speed: Addition, Subtraction - 0.008 seconds typically Multiplication, Division - 0.25 seconds typically. Registers: Keyboard: Memory: Four registers including two entry registers, one of which is for constants; a working register and the answer register which also serves as an entry register. Ten-key keyboard for numbers. Four keys for commands (+ - x +). One key to enable use of Memory or to change the Memory register (M). One key for the accumulation of products or quotients (%) A clear key (C). A display key for double precision answers (D). Equals or commence calculating key (#). Memory register may be entered from keyboard or by storing the answer. This machine looks more like a toy than anything else, primarily be- cause of the cheap plastic case and the apparent low degree of reliability. With no decimal control it ranks with the conventional low cost printing calculators in ability at the relative high price of $ 995, The manu- facturer is also a very small company and cannot be considered a significant factor in the calculating machine industry. SUMLOCK COMPTOMETER LTD In a former Product Information, issued in February 1965, the ANITA Mark 8 and 9 have already been compared with the EC 130. The Sumlock Comptometer Ltd. recently announced a new model the ANITA Mark 10. This new unit equipped with dual character - sterling and decimal programme - joins the ANITA Mark 8 and 9. It provides the facilities of being able to convert any decimal results into an £, sh., d. equivalent. It calculates directly whole numbers, fractions or discount values at an £.sh.d. rate to give a sterling result. 6 “2 Uris € gg ¢ VICTOR 3900 Ls The dimensions of the 3900 are approximately 20’’ long, 11’’ wide and 7 - 1/2’’ high and it weighs 24 pounds. It incorporates an integrated electronic circuit consisting of 30 chips in contrast to the transistoriz- ed circuitry found in the 130. It has a cathode ray tube on which five registers may be viewed. However, this calculator does not have the stacking principle which is used in the 130 display. DISPLAY Each register in the display has 20 digit capacity. Insignificant zeros to the left of a number in any display register are not visible. The reg- ister at the bottom of the display is the working register and is used to illustrate all entries and answers, At the completion of a multiplication or division problem the factors, which were viewed in the working reg- ister when entered, appear in the second and third registers from the bottom. Consequently, visual proof of both factors and answer in both multiplication and division is accomplished after the operation is com- pleted. The I and II registers atthe top of the display are used for the accumul- ation or storage of resuls obtained in the working register. In addition to these five visual registers, a sixth register, equivalent to the 130 memory register, is also on the 3900. This register is not on the dis- play and its contents canonly be viewed by recalling them to the working register. The memory register also consists of 20 digits. KEYBOARD The keyboard consists of 16 function keys, an eleven-key keyboard in- cluding the decimal point key, and a round-off indicator dial. ow] [ic x | OFF ALL c _ I~) L__] 7 8 9 = |/=+ OFF DEC 4 5 6 + [1 2 3 | Lo} Lx | The 16 function keys are as follows: + MEMORY IN MEMORY OUT REGISTER I KEY REGISTER II KEY Power Switch Clear All Clear Keyboard used for all factors in an addition problem used for a number that is to be subtracted used to enter the multiplicand used to enter the dividend used to initiate both the multiplication and division operations transfers the contents of storage registers I and II to the working register. duplicates the contents of storage registers I and II in the working register. used to accumulate products or quotients in Registers I or Il. used to subtract products or quotients in Registers I or II. duplicates the contents of the working register in the me- mory register. The number also remains in the working register. duplicates the contents of the memory register inthe work - ing register. The duplicated number also remains in the memory register. when depressed, this key permits accumulation or subtract- ion of products or quotients in the I storage register. when depressed, this key permits accumulation or subtract- ion of products or quotients in the II storage register. On/off switch clears all registers including the memory register. clears the working register. The ll-key keyboard includes a decimal point key. A floating decimal point principle is incorporated in this calculator, The decimal point key is used as on the 130, whenever the decimal point key appears in the number. A fixed decimal is not incorporated, Consequently all factors appear in the display with only the decimal numbers after the decimal point that were indexed on the keyboard. The answer appears in the working register. The location of the decimal point in the answer is the sum of the decimals in the factors. The following illustration in- dicates how the display would look after 12.125 x 1.25 have been multi- plied. 12.125 1,25 15.15625 The half-cent round-off indicator dial has the following selections or positions: off, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 15. In the ‘off’ position, round-off does not occur and the decimal point in the answer is located at a position equal to the sum of the decimal places in the factors. When the round-off indicator dial is on one of the numerical selections, the number of decimal places in the answer is determined by the selection of the indicator, regardless of the number of decimals in the factors. However, the answer is rounded off automatically. The right-most digit in the working register has been adjusted automatically (if round- off was required). When working with dollars andcents in aninvoicing problem, the factors can be entered with as many decimal places as are required. The answer is printed at decimal two, rounded off to the nearest cent. The follow- ing example will illustrate this procedure. 3-1/3 tons at $ 12.45/T - 41.4999585 Set round-off indicator dial at 2 Index 3.33333 Touch X Index 12.45 Touch = The display would appear as follows: 3.33333 12.45 41.50 The answer 41.50 is in the working register at decimal two, rounded off to the nearest cent. A round-off indicator selection is also used to indicate the number of decimal places required in the quotient of a division problem, While the off? position could be used for most division problems, complications can arise when the divisor has more decimal places than the dividend. Use of the round-off indicator eliminates any such problem and gives a decimally correct rounded-off answer. The number of decimal places in the answer depends upon the setting of the round-off indicator. OPERATIONS The basic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are described in the following paragraphs. Addition and Subtraction These operations must start by depressing the clear (entry) keyboard key. As the first factor is indexed in the keyboard, it appears simul - taneously in the working register. When the entire factor has been index- ed, the + key is depressed, While no visual change takes place in the display, actually, the indexed number is being accumulated to the zero condition in the working register. When the second factor is indexed on the keyboard, the first factor dis- appears from the working register, The +key is again depressed and the accumulated sum of the two factors appears in the working register. The same operation applies to subtraction. Repeat addition and subtraction can also be accomplished on the 3900. If the plus or minus key is depressed without a keyboard entry, the last number entered is accumulated or subtracted from the previous sub- total. For example, if 12 is to be repeat added several times, simply index 12 and touch the plus key as many times as required. Multiplication Although clearing is NECESSARY in the addition and subtraction oper - ation, AUTOMATIC clearing is featured in multiplication and division. It is assumed that the automatic clearing occurs when the first digit of the first factor of a multiplication or division problem is indexed on the keyboard. The multiplicand is indexed on the keyboard andthe X key is depressed. This factor appears in the working register simultaneously as it is being indexed in the keyboard. As the multiplier is being indexed in the key- board, the multiplicand disappears and the multiplier appears in the working register. When the = key is depressed the product appears in the working register, the multiplicand in register # Sand the multiplier in register ¢ 2, AnX symbol appears next to the multiplicand in register #3 The X symbol indicates that the multiplicand is a constant, if desired. Consequently, by entering a new multiplier and touching the equal key, the constant multiplicand is multiplied by any multiplier on the key- board. If, during a normal multiplication operation, the =-+or =- keys were de- pressed, the product would appear in the working register -- just as it does when the - key is depressed. Moreover, this product would be accumulated or subtracted simultaneously from storage registers I or Il,.... exactly which one would depend upon whether storage I or II had been depressed. This operation would therefore provide individual extensions and grand total. If, after a product had been developed in the working register, a third factor is to be multiplied by the product, merely touch the x key to make the product a multiplicand and index the third factor and touch the = key. Chain multiplication (A x B x C), therefore, is a function of the 3900. Division As previously described, the round-off indicator is set for the number of decimal places required in the quotient. As the dividend is indexed on the keyboard it simultaneously appears in the working register. The + key is depressed; then the divisor is indexed in the keyboard and the = key is depressed. As the divisor is being indexed, the dividend dis- appears from the working register and the divisor appears in its place. After the = key is depressed the dividend appears in register # 3, the divisor in register # 2 and the quotient in the working register. A + symbol next to the divisor indicates that it can be used as a constant if desired. Simply indexing a new dividend in the keyboard and touching the equal key produces a quotient developed by dividing the new dividend by the constant divisor. Accumulation or subtraction of quotients in storage register | or II is performed by depressing the =+ or =- key instead of the = key in the normal division operation. The individual quotient appears inthe working register and the accumulated or subtracted total inthe storage registers. The storage register used is determined by pre-setting the I or II keys. Storage Registers Any number appearing in storage register I or II may be recalled to the working register by depressing the total key. This literally takes the number from the storage register in which it no longer appears and transfers it to the working register. If the sub-total key is used, the number is transferred to the working register but also remains in the storage register. a Memory The 3900 operates similarly to the memory onthe 130. Any number in the working register may be entered into thememory by merely depressing the ‘memory in’ key. However, the number remainsin the working reg- ister. As on the 130, whenthe ‘memory out’ key is depressed the number in memory is duplicated in the working register and also remains in memory. It is possible to store four constants simultaneously on the 3900 ..... a constant divisor or multiplicand; a number in the memory and numbers in storage registers I and Il. However, a constant multiplicand can only be used as such, as long as the operation remains multiplication. If the operation changes, of course, the so-called constant is lost. COMPETITIVE CRITIQUE 1. Without the stacking principle, scientific problems would be more complicated than on the 130/132. There is no automatic square root and maaual square root is difficult. There is no CHANGE SIGN key. There is no REPEAT key. Clearing is required in both addition and subtraction. Chain multiplication requires an additional step. ND mn Fe DO N The machine is priced at $ 1825 which is a high price for a business oriented calculator. Electronic Japanese Calculators In Japan there is a tremendous activity inthe maaufacture of Electronic Calculators, Companies that a year ago did not market a single piece of office equipment are beginning to flood the market. Almost all have only one advantage namely the price. Please find below a comparison list of the Japanese Electronic Calcul- ators and the EC 130. Remarkable in this case is that up to now no electronic PRINTING cal- culator has been developed in Japan. Thatis probably due to the fact that the mechanical side of this Japanese industry is a weak point. Also the working of the 10 key keyboard is critical and not reliable until now. — ——_—._ — MRSS SS EEE = . 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