Manual / Guide · 1964
Friden EC-130 Field Service Manual (August 1964)
The 51-page field service manual issued at the EC-130's launch: installation, adjustments, fault finding and parts.
Manual / Guide · 1964
The 51-page field service manual issued at the EC-130's launch: installation, adjustments, fault finding and parts.
am Hriden.%. 178269394S! ele 00791 35081 1.31 00002! 8631449 00gg0041551.46 FIELD SERVICE MANUAL FRIDEN EC 130 CALCULATOR FIELD SERVICE MANUAL TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION SCOPE OF MANUAL .... DESCRIPTION OF MACHINE........... eee GENERAL OPERATION ......2220 cee eee KEYBOARD......... re see DISPLAY . 1... eee ee ee ee ee et te es cone ADDITIONAL FEATURES... 1... ee ee eevee see OVERFLOW LOCK .. 1... ee eee ee ee ene . DECIMAL INTERLOCK. .. 2... 2.2. ee eee te eee ne DECIMAL POINT KEY .......... a a a CHANGE SIGN KEY...... re er PRELIM S EP D a CUSTOMER CONTACT... 2... eee eee ere ee nee MACHINE CHECKOUT STANDARD PROBLEM. VISUAL INSPECTION AC POWER...... SECTION 2. OPERATION GENERAL FUNCTIONAL OPERATION......... Lee KEYBOARD..... See ee eect B ecco eeHees FUNCTION CONTROL ... Le ee eee eae TIMING. ....-.. 000 e ee eee eee Lees COUNTERS... 0.0... eee ee ee eee eee eee DELAYLINE......... Lice eee DISPLAY... 0... eee ee ee ee eee a DETAILED FUNCTIONAL OPERATION ...........-. DATA ORGANIZATION... 1 2 eee eee te eh ee we REGISTER TIME. . WORD TIME ...... oe un eeee oo ee ear eee BIT TIME... 2 ee ee ce ee ee tw we ee et ts TIMING .. 22 es ee eee we te re te rene cee. START PULSE .. 1... 2c eee eer tee reer eae CLOCK CONTROL..... ra BIT TIME COUNTER. .... Pr re ee REGISTER TIME COUNTER... . +. ++ +e eee eee COLUMN TIME COUNTER DISPLAY CONTROL COUNTER .......-..+-25-6 COUNTING ......-. UP COUNTER ... a DOWN COUNTER. ....... sce we eee cae PAGE 1-1 1-1 1-1 1-1 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 i-2 1-2 1-2 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-3 2-1 2-1 2-1 a~1 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-2 2-2 2-2 2-2 2~2 2-2 2-2 2-2 2-2 2-2 2-2 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-5 SECTION 3. FRIDEN EC 130 CALCULATOR FIELD SERVICE MANUAL DATA SEQUENCE SHIFTING. ...... IDLE... .ee eee eee ee eee SHIFT UP... 1... eee eee ene SHIFT LEFT... SHIFT DOWN..... DELAY LINE... . DELAY LINE CIRCUITS TRANSDUCERS. . . AMPLIFIERS... 1... 1 ee ee ee ee ce ee ee FUNCTION CONTROL . eo 8 6 ee ee we a 0 5 © © © ee ee ee ee te ew ee DIGIT ENTRY .. 2. wee ee ee ee we STORE 1... ee eee ee ee ee ee te RECALL «2... ee ee ee te tt ee REPEAT 2... 2 ce ee we ee tw eee ee es CLEAR ENTRY. 2... 2 wc ee ee et et ee et CLEARALL ..... SUBTRACT... 2... 2. ee eee eee et eee one MULTIPLY... . DIVIDE . 1. 2c ee ee ee ete ew ee eee eee DISPLAY CIRCUITS .... CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) ..... HIGH VOLTAGE SUPPLY ....... CHARACTER FORMATION ...... DEFLECTION CIRCUITS. .... eee BLANKING CIRCUITS . ADJUSTMENTS SCOPE OF SECTION ......-2..6.2. KEYBOARD ADJUSTMENTS ........ EQUIPMENT REQUIRED........... INITIAL PROCEDURE eee ew © @ © © @ PRELIMINARY KEYBOARD CHECKOUT DIGIT KEY ADJUSTMENT..... eee FUNCTION KEY ADJUSTMENT ..... CODE BAR ADJUSTMENT ........ CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) ADJUSTMENTS ......... INTENSITY ......... teehee eae FOCUS .... ASTIGMATISM CHARACTER ADJUSTMENTS ...... . SEGMENT LENGTH 3-1 3-1 3-1 3-1 3-3 3-3 3-6 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-8 FRIDEN EC 130 CALCULATOR FIELD SERVICE MANUAL CHARACTER WIDTH. ...-. +2. +e ee ee CHARACTER HEIGHT .......-.-... DISPLAY ADJUSTMENTS. ....-.-..-.4. HORIZONTAL CENTERING ......... VERTICAL CENTERING .......... HORIZONTAL CHARACTER SPACING. . . VERTICAL CHARACTER SPACING ..... SECTION 4. MAINTENANCE SCOPE OF SECTION ..... eee ew ww ee SCOPE OF FIELD SERVICE ......0.24-- CHECK .. 2... ee ec ee ee tt tw ee VOLTAGE CHECKS... .....- 22 e eee +6 VDC CHECK.........6.4.. owes -12 VDC CHECK ...... 2c ee are ~80 VDC CHECK ..... a rn 115 VAC CHECK ..........-0205. CLEANING ........ 02-0 eee Lee DUST REMOVAL .......-..-+05. CRT FACE......... Lee eee PLUG-IN CARDS ..... Lee eee eee MACHINE EXTERIOR ............ REPLACEMENT PROCEDURES ........ TOP COVER .....--..-0e2-00-% PLUG-IN CIRCUIT CARDS......... FUSES 22. 2 we ee ee te et ew es CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)...... eee KEYBOARD... 2... 2.0.2.0 02 ee eee SHIPPING INSTRUCTIONS .........+.- SERVICE REPORTS. ......--6+58+0- LIST OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT ...... SECTION 5. PARTS LIST LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1-1. ELECTRONIC CALCULATOR 180......... ee 2-1. FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM ..... coe eee’ 2-2. DISPLAY ORGANIZATION ......- +++ +e eee 2-3. DATA ORGANIZATION. ......-4.-. cee ewes = 6 @ © + © eo o © ee ew ow we 2-4, 2-5. 2-6. 2-7. 2-8. 2-9, 2-10. 2-11. 2-12, 2-13. 2-14, 2-15. 2-16, 2-17 3-1. 3-2. 3-3. 3-4. 3-5. 3-6. 3-7. 3-8. 3-9, 3-10. 3-11. 4-1, 4-2. 4-3, 4-4, 2-1, 2-2. 2-3. 2-4, 2-5, 2-6. 3-1, FRIDEN EC 130 CALCULATOR FIELD SERVICE MANUAL PAGE TIMING FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM ......-.-.---00+0 022% 2-6 DISPLAY DATA AND SHIFTING .......-..00 +528 ee eeese 2-6 DELAY LINE DATA AND COUNTER SHIFTING. ..........-.. 2-7 DELAY LINE FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM .........-..-20025 2-8 TRANSDUCER SIMPLIFIED DIAGRAM ..........24-40505 7. 2-9 ADD FLOW CHART. ....-.-2-00 eee eee eee cee ee ee © 2618/14 SUBTRACT FLOW CHART........---2 02000 c ee neue 2-17/18 MULTIPLY FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM ......-...0.0.-2+02005% 2-20 MULTIPLY FLOW CHART... 0... eee ee ee ee ee 2-23/24 DIVIDE FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM .....-.....00+0 52005 2-26 DIVIDE FLOW CHART ........... Ce ee ee ee ee 2-29/30 DISPLAY CIRCUITS BLOCK DIAGRAM ...... ce ee ee ee 2-31 CHARACTER FORMATION. .......-.0.00 00+ eee eevee 2-32 DEFLECTION VOLTAGE FORMATION ........-2.-0+42+00.% 2-33/34 KEYBOARD TESTER, SPACERS, AND TOOLS ............. 3-1 KEYBOARD TESTER, CONNECTED TO KEYBOARD .......... 3-2 EC-130 AND KEYBOARD TESTER, TESTSETUP............ 3-2 KEYBOARD TESTER LAMP CHART. ........-2.-+000025 3-3 KEYBOARD AND TESTER, TEST SETUP .......-.....2-.4- 3-4 KEYBOARD, CRADLE SLIDE LOCATION ..... Cee ee eee 3-5 KEYBOARD, KEYSTEM ADJUSTMENT LOCATION. .......... 3-6 EC-130 CRT AREA, TOP VIEW ..........2.50+0-e20200- 3-7 EC-130 TOP VIEW, DISPLAY CONTROLS. .........+.--2-0++ 38 EC-130 TOP VIEW, CHARACTER CONTROLS .........-.-.. 3-9 DISPLAY DIMENSIONS...... Cw ee ee eet eee 3-9 CRT REAR RETAINING CLIP ... 0... eee ee ee 4=2 CRT SHIELD, FRONT RETAINING SCREWS. .........-.220- 4-3 DELAY LINE RETAINING SLIDES. ...........0.0200006 4-4 KEYBOARD MASK RETAINING SCREWS .......... Cee ae 4-5 LIST OF TABLES COUNTER CIRCUIT FUNCTIONS .......-..0.0.05000000- 2-5 DIGIT ENTRY FUNCTION .........2...., A 2-10 ADD FUNCTION ...... See eee see eee ce eee eee) Ql SUBTRACT FUNCTION. ......02. 2.000 eee eeeeeuvees 2~16 MULTIPLY FUNCTION. .......000 cee cece ceeceetas 2-21 DIVIDE FUNCTION... .....-.2.2 00 eee eee eeeveres . 2-26 DISPLAY ADJUSTMENTS .......... a Cee ee eee 8-10 iv Yee 8-1-64 FRIDEN EC 130 CALCULATOR FIELD SERVICE MANUAL SECTION 1 Page 1 SECTION 1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION ELECTRONIC =CALCANATOR 130 FIGURE I-l. ELECTRONIC CALCULATOR 130 A. SCOPE OF MANUAL. This manual covers the maintenance of the EC-130 (See Figure 1-1) at the FIELD SERVICE level. There are two levels of maintenance: Depot Service level, and Field Service level. The depot service level is the major repair of machines not repairable at the Field Service level. The field service level is limited to specific replacements, adjustments, and tests as covered in Sections 3 and 4. B. DESCRIPTION OF MACHINE, The major components of the EC-130 are a 10-key keyboard, 4 solid-state plug-in circuit cards, an ultra- sonic delay line, and a cathode ray tube (CRT) display. The EC~130 operates on 115V210% AC, 50~60 cycles, and may be connected to any standard AC outlet. C. GENERAL OPERATION. The general operations of the EC-130 are those that are under the control of, and in the view of, the operator of the machine. 1. KEYBOARD. The keyboard has two main classes of keys and add~ itional keys. The main classes are: Functions and Digit keys, The digit keys enter numbers in the machine; the function keys initiate machine functions such as Add, Subtract, etc. The additional keys are: Overflow Lock, Decimal! Point, Change Sign, and Decimal Point Selector. The OVER- FLOW LOCK key has a built-in red light that, when lit. indicates an entry or an answer that exceeds machine capacity. The DECIMAL POINT key is used during the entering of a number to establish proper decimal placement of the number on the display. The CHANGE SIGN key enables changing the algebraic sign of the number in register one for arithmetic opera- tions. The Decimal Point Selector switch determines the column position of the decimal point on the display, and, internally in the machine, controls placement of the data in the proper decimal location on the display. SECTION 1 Page 2 2. DISPLAY. The display on the EC-130 (See Figure 1-3) consists of 13 digit columns and one sign column. There are four registers displayed; the first two from the bottom being called “working registers”. An arithmetical operation is always performed using the numbers in the first two reg~ isters, The answer is always displayed in register one, the lowest of the four registers, and register one is brightened with respect to the other registers to accen- tuate the fact. The upper two registers are used for stor- age of intermediate answers or numbers that will be used in later arithmetical operations. All unused columns to the left of numbers in the machine are automatically displayed with zeros. During digit entry (placing numbers in the machine), when entering a number containing zero, the 0 key is used. Any unused columns to the right of the decimal point after digit entry is completed, and internal machine operations have completed decimal alignment, will also be displayed with zeros automatically. D. ADDITIONAL FEATURES. For ease of operation and to prevent errors special features are incorporated in the EC-130. They are: Overflow Lock, Decimal Point Interlock, Decimal Point key, Change Sign key. 1. OVERFLOW LOCK. If a number being entered contains more digits to the left of the decimal point than the decimal point position will permit, the OVERFLOW LOCK signal lights and all keys are “locked up” to prevent further usage. For ex- ample; if the Decimal Point Selector switch is set at 7, there are six possible digit positions to the left of the decimal point on the display. At this time, if a seven-digit number is entered, OVER-FLOW LOCK lights and indi- cates that this number is beyond the machine capacity as set by the Decimal Point Selector. Furthermore, if a developed answer exceeds the possible number of digits to the left of the chosen decimal point, OVERFLOW LOCK lights and the keyboard locks up. The keyboard can be freed for further use by pressing any one of three keys: OVERFLOW LOCK, CLEAR ENTRY, or CLEAR ALL. 2. DECIMAL INTERLOCK, A decimal interlock is provided to prevent entering more digits to the right of the decimal point than the machine can display after decimal alignment of the number around the chosen decimal position. That is, if the Decimal Point Selector is setat2,there are two pos- sible digit positions to the right of the decimal point on the display. At this time, if a number containing three digits after the decimal point is entered, the machine ac- cepts and displays only the first two digits entered after the decimal point key is pressed during the number entry. FRIDEN EC 130 CALCULATOR FIELD SERVICE MANUAL 8-1-64 3. DECIMAL POINT KEY. If the Decimal Point Key is not used during entering of a number, the entry is sensed as a whole number and displayed to the left of the chosen decimal position. Con- sequently, for whole number entries itis not necessary to use the Decimal Point key. 4, CHANGE SIGN KEY. The EC-130 performs all calculations in accordance with the rules of algebra in regard to signs. Since all entries are positive, a Change Sign key is provided to make entries negative when desired. Also, answers with a negative sign may be made positive. The Change Sign key will reverse the sign of the number in register one. E. PRELIMINARY SERVICE PROCEDURES. At the field service level, the permitted amount of servicing is specifically limited as outlined in Sections 3 and 4 of this manual. The permissible servicing pro- cedures can be accomplished in either of two places; the customers office, or the Field Service Office. The procedures to be accomplished in the Field Service Office are outlined in Sections 3 and 4, In this section, procedures in the customer office are briefly discussed. 1. CUSTOMER CONTACT. A field service technician is probably the most often seen representative of Friden, especially at the office “working” level as distinguished from “management”. As such, it is important that the service technician be neat, well-groomed, and courteous. : Competition is keen in the office equipment field. Often, the choice between competing machines is the service factor. As a part of the service organization, the field service technician is an important repre- sentative of Friden, and should look, act, and conduct himself as such. It is not enough just to be a good technician; to know the machine; or to be able to adjust the machine satisfactorily. It is also very important to leave the customer satisfied, not only that the machine is working well, but also that he has been treated with respect; his wishes have been courteously received and complied with to the maximum practical extent; and that the whole servicing procedure was conducted by a neat, efficient, courteous, and well-trained Friden repre- sentative. As a part of customer contact, the technician must find out, as courteously and expeditiously as possible, the cause of customer complaint. Very often. courteous listening to the machine operator, even if not directly applicable to machine malfunction, will leave a very good impression. The first step in service procedure is to find out what is wrong from the stand point of the customer. Cj 8-1-64 2. MACHINE CHECKOUT. Machine checkout is a series of semi-standardized steps used in determining a machine malfunction. Ne- cessarily, experience with the EC-130 will enable each service technician to develop his own checkout proced- ures. The following is a guide to be used if desired. a. STANDARD PROBLEM. Following is a standard problem that will check most of the functions of the EC~-130; Decimal Point Selector on 0: (1) Press CLEAR ALL (2) Press digit 1-1-1-1-1-1-1 (3) Press ENTER (4) Press STORE (5) Press RECALL (6) Press REPEAT (7) Press Multiply (X) Register one shows:1234567654321 Enter, Store. Recall, Repeat, and Multiply are checked in the above procedure. (8) Press RECALL (9) Press Divide (=) Register one shows:0000001111111 Divide is checked. (10) Press REPEAT (11) Press Add (+) Register one shows:0000002222222 Add is checked. (12) Press RECALL (13) Press Subtract (-) Register one shows:0000001111111 Subtract is checked. (14) Press “0” (15) Press Divide (+) Display remains blanked. Unsolvable problem, answer would be infinity. FRIDEN EC 130 CALCULATOR FIELD SERVICE MANUAL SECTION 1 Page 3 (16) Press CLEAR ALL (17) Move Decimal Point Locator to 7 on dial. (18) Press digit: 1-1-1-1-1-1-1 (19) Press ENTER OVERFLOW LOCK light, keyboard locks up. Entering of too many whole number digits is checked. (20) Press CLEAR ENTRY (21) Move Decimal Point Locator to 2 on dial. (22) Press digit; 1-1-1-DECIMAL POINT-1-1-1 (23) Press ENTER Register one shows: 00000000111.11 Entering of too many digits after decimal point is checked. b. VISUAL INSPECTION. Visual inspection of the dis- play can reveal malfunctions such as character malfor- mation, displacement, and abnormal height or width, There are two purposes in the design of the display. One is to provide a means of visually checking the numbers to be operated with, and the second is to provide a clear and pleasing visual presentation. Certain aspects of the visual presentation are adjustable to customer satis- faction if desired. Visual display adjustments are covered in Section 3 of this manual. c. AC POWER. Since the EC-130 is an electronic machine, it must be furnished with AC power at 115V, 50-60 cycles from a convenient 3-wire, grounded, AC outlet. One of the first steps in a checkout is to deter- mine if power is being furnished to the machine, especially if the preliminary inspection reveals a blank display. On the right hand side of the machine, beneath the top cover, are two fuses. The best check of the fuses is to replace them with two known good fuses of the same type and current rating. A further check of whether AC power is available in the machine is to visually inspect at the base of the CRT for filament glow. However, lack of filament glow in itself would not necessarily indicate lack of AC to the machine; it might just be that the CRT filaments are burned out necessitating CRT replacement. 8-1-64 SECTION 2. A. GENERAL FUNCTIONAL OPERATION, The function of the EC-130 is to arrange arithmetical data that has been entered in the machine so that a desired arithmetical problem may be performed, and then to perform that problem. The operation of the EC-130 consists of entering arithmetical data in the machine by means of the Key- board, arranging the data in the machine, and performing an arithmetical operation on the data. In the performance of machine operation, the circuits and components are grouped into major functional blocks. (See Figure 2-1) 1. KEYBOARD. The Keyboard enables the entering of numbers, deter- mines the arrangement of the data, and specifies the arithmetical function to be performed. 2. FUNCTION CONTROL. When the Keyboard has specified a function, a number of internal machine operations are necessary to ac- complish that function. The function control circuits specify the internal operations, and ensure that they occur in proper time relationship. FRIDEN EC 130 CALCULATOR FIELD SERVICE MANUAL SECTION 2 Page 1 OPERATION 3. TIMING. The timing circuits develop signals that are used to specify the time relationships of machine operations. 4. COUNTERS. The counter circuits perform several functions. They are used, with the delay line, to hold data until needed to shift data in time relationship to other data; to convert numbers from the Keyboard into data for internal ma- chine use; or to extract desired data from the data sequence for display. 5. DELAY LINE. The delay line is a mechanical means of delaying data, often called storing, for a period of time that is long in comparison with internal machine operations. The delay line is the part of the machine that, together with the counter circuits, stores data in the machine. 6. DISPLAY. Numbers which exist in the machine in electronic form must be converted to a visible equivalent on the face of the CRT. The display circuits accomplish this conversion, and arrange the display on the CRT. TIMING CONTROL i COUNTERS| DISPLAY 4 vy DIGITS DELAY KEYBOARD LINE FIGURE 2-!. FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM SECTION 2 FRIDEN EC 130 CALCULATOR 8-1-64 Page 2 FIELD SERVICE MANUAL cis|cialcisici2ici |ciol coles lez /celes leales |c2l ci leo R4 CRT DISPLAY TIME eo | RS 3 2: REGISTER TIME (6 TOTAL, 4 DISPLAYED) Riou j b I | | | I | I { | i le igi DISPLAY (i3 DIGITs)-——— ' le ; MD DISPLAY }o———COLUMN TIME (i6 TOTAL, 14 DISPLAYED) ————»} -BS ! FIGURE 2-2. DISPLAY ORGANIZATION B. DETAILED FUNCTIONAL OPERATION. This discussion will cover the detailed operation of the major functional blocks of the EC-130. 1. DATA ORGANIZATION. The data is organized in the machine by the action of timing chain signals on the counters. The action of the counters controls the placement of data on the delay line, and on the CRT display. The CRT displays data ina specific pattern (See Figure 2-2). Some of the data relationships in the machine are not displayed but are used for necessary arithmetical, storage, or timing operations. The major time relationships in the machine are: Register time, Column time, Word time, and Bit time. a. REGISTER TIME. There are sixregister (R) times, of which four are displayed (See Figure 2-3). Each R time is equal to 48 usec. Each register time can contain one digit of a number. Hereafter in the discussion, R1 will mean Register one, R2 will mean Register two, ete. The term “Display” will mean the four display registers: R1, R2, R38, and R4. b. COLUMN TIME. There are a total of sixteen (16) column (C) times, of which fourteen are displayed on the CRT. Each column time is equal to 288 nsec. One column (C1) is reserved for displaying the algebraic sign of the register. Columns two (C2) through fourteen (C14) display digits for each register. Thus, a total of thirteen (13) digits may be displayed in each register. Column fifteen (C15) is used in a divide operation, and column zero (C0) is not used. c. WORD TIME. Word time is used to identify the total time available for a sequence of data. Word time consists of the six register times multiplied by fifteen column times. One word time is equal to 4320 usec, d, BIT TIME. Each R time is composed of sixteen (16) Bit (B) times, of which nine (9) are used for pulses that represent digits. One B time is equal to 3 psec. 2. TIMING. The organization of the data on the delay line, the positioning of the data on the display, and the sequence of internal machine operations are all related exactly by timing signals from the timing circuits (See Figure 2-4), a. START PULSE. To maintain the relationship be- tween the delay line and the timing circuits, the timing chain is stopped at the end of C15 time. This begins a period of time designated as “Home”. When the machine is prepared for the entry of data after having first been turned on, or whenever all data has been cleared from the machine by CLEAR ALL key, a “start” prise is placed on the delay line by the first function initiated by the keyboard. This start pulse is timed to occur just before C1 time, and turns on the timing chain just before data is available at the output of the delay line. This ensures that the timing chain is always in step with the data, and thus the datacanbe identified correctly by timing chain signals. b. CLOCK CONTROL. The basic time element is the frequency of the oscillator. The oscillator output drives the clock circuit, which puts out one pulse each Bit (B) time. While the oscillator runs continuously, the output of the clock is stopped at the end of C15 time. The clock is started again at the time the first data is available at the output end of the delay line. This keeps the timing chain and the data synchronized so that the timing chain signals can be used to exactly identify the data by time as it comes off the delay line; and also while it is in the counter circuits, c. BIT TIME COUNTER. The B time counter circuits count the clock down by sixteen and provide an output pulse to the Register (R) time counter every sixteen (16) B times, d, REGISTER TIME COUNTER. The R time counter circuits count down the output of the B time counter circuits by six, and provide an output pulse to the column (C) counter circuits every six (6) R times. 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The column (C) time counter circuits count down the output of the R time counter circuits by 16, and provide an output pulse every sixteen (16) C times. £ DISPLAY CONTROL COUNTER. The display count- er provides signals to the display circuitry that enable each register to be displayed at the necessary time and proper position on the CRT, Register one (R1) is dis- played twice for extra brightness and this is desirable, since the answer to an arithmetical operation always appears in this register. 3. COUNTING. The counter circuits perform two functions: counting and shifting (See Table 2-1), Both are basic to machine operation, Counting means to progressively change the FRIDEN EC 130 CALCULATOR FIELD SERVICE MANUAL SECTION 2 Page 5 setting of a counter by the one-by-one addition of pulses, which is called “Serial Entry”. There are two similar types of counters: Up Counter and Down Counter. They are capable of ten possible counts (settings). a. UP COUNTER. The addition of a pulse to an up counter causes the setting to change in an upward direction from zero toward nine, Thus, one pulse into an up counter already set to three (3) results ina new setting representing four (4). b. DOWN COUNTER. The addition of a pulse into a down counter will cause the setting to change in a down- ward direction from zero (representing 10) toward one. Thus, one pulse into a down counter already set to three (3) results in a new setting representing two (2). TABLE 2-1 COUNTER CIRCUIT FUNCTIONS COUNT OR A B SHIFT COUNTER COUNTER COUNTER USES D COUNTER (PARTIAL) LINE TOA SERIAL INPUT DATA INTO A COUNTER (COUNT UP -READ) LINE TO D SERIAL INPUT DATA INTO D COUNTER (COUNT DOWN) ATOB PARALLEL OUTPUT PARALLEL INPUT PART OF IDLE ATOD PARALLEL OUTPUT PARALLEL INPUT PART OF SHIFT UP, SHIFT LEFT (DELAY IN TIME) DTOA PARALLEL INPUT PARALLEL OUTPUT PART OF ARITHMETICAL OPERATIONS DTOB PARALLEL INPUT PARALLEL OUTPUT PART OF SHIFT UP, SHIFT LEFT ATOC PARALLEL OUTPUT PARALLEL INPUT PART OF SHIFT DOWN (ADVANCE IN TIME) BTOC PARALLEL OUTPUT PARALLEL INPUT PART OF IDLE C TO LINE SERIAL OUTPUT DATA INTO LINE (WRITE) Parallel Output - Direct transfer of data Parallel Input - Direct reception of data Serial Output Sequential (one by one) transfer of data Serial Input Sequential (one by one) reception of data SECTION 2 FRIDEN EC 130 CALCULATOR 8-1-64 Page 6 FIELD SERVICE MANUAL DISPLAY DISPLAY OSCILLATOR CIRCUITS COUNTER A "3" TIME "R" TIME "Cc" TIME CLOCK ry" COUNTER COUNTER COUNTER ] "R" TIME "Cc" TIME CLOCK (16 "8 Times) (6 *R* Times) | START CLOCK END OF CI5 TIME PULSE "| CONTROL FIGURE 2-4. TIMING FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM 4, SHIFTING. Shifting means to change the position of data with respect to time. To shift is to transfer the setting of one counter into another counter. Since the shift (transfer) of data is controlled with respect to time, the data can be moved with respect to time by shifting into specified counters. Before explanation can be made of the specific shifts used in machine operation, reference must be made to data organization with specific application to shifting. a. DATA SEQUENCE. The data organization, called “data sequence”, is by register time and column time, both on the display (Figure 2-5) and on the delay line (Figure 2-6). Note that all R times in C2 occur before the R times in C3, the R times in C3 before the R times in C4, etc. To move data from R1 to R2, the data must be stored (delayed) until R2 time occurs. To move data from R2 to R1, the data must be moved ahead in time (advanced) because R1 occurs before R2. To move data froma ci4| - register in C2 time to the same register in C3 time, the data must be delayed (stored) until that C3 time occurs. The delay or advance in time is determined by the type of shift, b. IDLE. Idling is the progression of data from the delay line, through the counters, and back onto the delay line with no change in data sequence. The machine is said to be “idling” when no function is being per- formed. Data progression through the counters in idle is: Line to A, A to B, B toC, C to line. Since the data sequence is preserved, there is no change in time relationships between the data, Periodically during idle, the data in display registers R1 through R4 is copied in the D counter. The display circuits then convert the D counter data into a visual equivalent for display. Display occurs only during idle. The data sequence for display is; R1 data for all C times, R2 data for all C times, R3 data for all C times, and R4 data for all C times. DISPLAY —|cs|c4|c3|c2| ci] TIME a FOR SIGN R4 R3 SHIFT UP R2 Ri | | | SHIFT ZAAY Ro DOWN SHIFT LEFT Rs TIME<—_—_——__ fe) FIGURE 2-5. DISPLAY DATA AND SHIFTING —— 8-1-64 |_____» TIME C2 C3 SHIFT SHIFT DOWN UP FRIDEN EC 130 CALCULATOR FIELD SERVICE MANUAL SECTION 2 Page 7 C4 C5 |Rs[Ruo|RI|RARZ|R4|Rs|Ruo|Ri|RZIR3|R4/Rs|Ruo|Ri |R2IR3|R4/Rs|RuolR! |RAIR3|R4| eh DELAY LINE }-, \ \ \ To \ } . | | A B ¢ fi READ |uwetoa | S| arose | S| src! © {c ToLNe| WRITE DELAY / CIRCUITS a t " CIRCUITS | Line + R R R \ ATO To 1») 8 D LINE TO D _ c = N N R LO TOA | FIGURE 2-6. DELAY LINE DATA AND COUNTER SHIFTING For example; assume R1C2 data from the delay line has been counted into the A counter. When an A to B shift occurs during idle, an A to D shift also occurs, which copies the R1 data into the D counter. While the rest of the C2 data progresses through the counters, and until R1C3 data has been counted into the A counter, the R1C2 data in the D counter is being converted and displayed. Then, when R1C3 data is shifted A to B, an A to D shift occurs, which copies the R1C3 data into the D counter. Again, while the rest of the C3 data is progressing through the counters, R1C3 data in the D counter is being converted and displayed. This pro- gression continues until the R1 data in all display C times has been converted and displayed. Then R2 data will be displayed in the same manner, followed by R3, and finally R4. c. SHIFT UP. To shift up means that on the display (See Figure 2-5) the registers will move up: R1 data to R2, R2 data to R3, R38 data to R4, and R4 data will be lost. However, in terms of data sequence, each register data is delayed one register time and the data placed in the next succeeding register (See Figure 2-6). Shift up is done by shifting A to D, holding the data in D for one register time, then shifting D to B, which places each register data in turn into the next suc- ceeding R time. Since R1 time is displayed ahead of R2 time, if R1 data is placed in R2 time, it will appear as shifted up on the display. However, placing R1 data in R2 time places it later (delayed) in the data sequence on the delay line. d. SHIFT LEFT. Shift left is very similar to shift up and uses the same sequence of shifts, but at different times and for a longer delay. Shift left, limited to R1 and R2 by the function control circuits, is done by shifting the selected register A to D, holding for one C time, and shifting D to B at the corresponding R time in the next C time. Since R1C2 time is displayed ahead of RiC3 time, if R1C2 data is placed in R1C3 time, it will appear as shifted left on the display. However, placing R1C2 data in R1C3 time places it later (delayed) in the data sequence on the delay line. e. SHIFT DOWN. To shift down means that on the dis- play the registers will move down; R4 data to R3, R3 data to R2, R2 data toR1. However, interms of data sequence, each register data will be advanced one register time and the data is placed in the next preceding register. Shift down is accomplished by shifting A to C, instead of A to B. Since one R time in B counter has been bypassed, data effectively moves ahead in the data sequence, and will be written on the delay line sooner. Since R1 time is displayed ahead of R2 time, if R2 data is placed in R1 time, it will be shifted down on the dis~ play. However, placing R2 data in R1 time places it earlier (advanced) in the data sequence on the delay line. Note that in Shift Up and Shift Down two undisplayed registers will be affected; Rmd and Rs. This effect will be covered in FUNCTION CONTROL discussion. SECTION 2 Page 8 5. DELAY LINE CIRCUITS. The delay line is a storage device. Together with the counters, the delay line keeps numbers in the machine as long as the machine is idling. The delay line also provides storage for data during the steps and operations necessary for the completion of a function. The delay line circuit (Figure 2-7) is electromechani- - eal. That is, a portion of the circuit is mechanical in nature, and the rest of the circuit is electrical. The two portions work together to produce a finite time delay for the extremely fast, (by comparison) electronic data operations. This delay in time effectively stores the data for the time of delay, approximately five (5) milliseconds, (.005 seconds). a. DELAY LINE. The delay line is made ofalloy steel wire about the diameter of a mechanical pencil lead. A physical twist (torsion) of one end of the wire takes a definite amount of time to reach and affect the other end. The amount of time is primarily determined by the length of the wire, which is approximately fifty (50) feet. To save space, the delay line is coiled up and mounted in such a manner thatmovementofthe mechani- cal waves along the wire are not affected. b. TRANSDUCERS. The transducers are components that change electrical pulses into mechanical movements (twists) of the delay line, and, conversely, change mech- anical twists into electrical pulses. FIGURE 2-7. DELAY LINE FRIDEN EC 130 CALCULATOR FIELD SERVICE MANUAL 8-1-64 A transducer (Figure 2-8) is mounted at and connected to each end of the delay line. They are designated as: Launch or Write transducer and Receive or Read transducer. (1) Write Transducer. The action of the Write trans- ducer is dependent on the fact that the element nickel changes physical length when subjected to a change of magnetic field. This is called “mag- netostriction”. The Write transducer consists of two nickel ribbons mounted in the centers of two coils of wire. A pulse of current (data pulse) from the write amplifier causes a proportional change in the magnetic field of the coils. This magnetic field change causes the nickel ribbons to change dimension lengthwise. One ribbon shrinks, the other ribbon expands. This gives a push-pull effect on the wire of the delay line, and thus gives more twist for each pulse than if one ribbon were used. The effective result of each pulse ofcurrent is to produce a momentary twist in the delay line that will travel to the other end at a finite speed. (2) Read Transducer, The Read transducer is basi- cally the same as the Write transducer. However, while the function of the Write transducer is to convert electrical pulses to mechanical twists of the delay line, the function of the Read trans- ducer is to convert delay line twists to electrical pulses. DELAY LINE — 50! (APPROX, ot COILED UP READ WRITE TRANSDUCER TRANSDUCER q 4 READ TO FROM WRITE COUNT! AMPLIFIER [>> CQUNTER COUNTER) —>— AMPLIFIER FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM C) ( ) 8-1-64 DELAY LINE NICKEL RIBBONS FRIDEN EC 130 CALCULATOR FIELD SERVICE MANUAL SECTION 2 Page 9 FIGURE 2-8. TRANSDUCER SIMPLIFIED DIAGRAM The delay line twists at the Read transducer (Figure 2-8) momentarily distort the shape of the nickel ribbons. One ribbon will be stretched, the other compressed, and together they give a push-pull action that gives more effect on the coils for each delay line twist than if one ribbon were used. The change of shape of the nickel ribbons induces a voltage in the coils surrounding the ribbon. This voltage is the output of the Read transducer. c. AMPLIFIERS. The delay line circuitry contains two amplifiers; a Write amplifier and a Read amplifier. (1) Write Amplifier. The purpose of the Write ampli- fier is to convert (data) pulses of voltage to current pulses of a value adequate to actuate the Write transducer. (2) Read Amplifier. The purpose of the Read ampli- fier is to build up voltage pulses from the Read transducer (that represent data on the delay line) to a value adequate to actuate the counter circuits. 6. FUNCTION CONTROL. A function is a series of internal machine operations that produce a specified result. An internal machine operation consists of one or more steps that occur at times that are specified by the function control circuits. The time relationships are established by signals from the timing circuits. The functions of the EC-130 are initiated from the keyboard by the function keys. There are two classes of functions; Operational functions and Arithmetical functions. Operational functions can be designated as those functions that arrange the data for the arithmetical functions that will take place. The operational functions are; Digit Entry, Store, Recall, Repeat, Clear Entry and Clear All. The arithmetical functions are: Add, Subtract, Multiply, and Divide. a. DIGIT ENTRY. A digit is a single numeral. A number is one or more digits. Digit Entryis the process of placing numbers in the machine, digit by digit (See Table 2-2). Numbers are displayed left to right but are placed in the machine, one by one, in the extreme right hand portion (C2) of register one (R1). As each new digit is entered, the already-entered digits are shifted to the left to clear R1C2 for the entry of the new digit. This process preserves the arithmetical order of the digits. When all digits of a desired number have been entered, Enter key is pressed to signify to the machine that the number is complete. Had the Enter key not been pressed, entering another digit would simply add a digit to the number already entered. When the machine has been cleared of all data by CLEAR ALL, the ENTER key must be used after the first “Digit Entry”. After the first “Digit Entry”. use of the ENTER key is usually optional, because using any other function key signifies to the machine that the digit entry is complete. During Digit Entry, pressing DECIMAL POINT key during the entering of a number specifies two operations to the machine, First, during “Decimal Align” that all digits entered after the DECIMAL POINT key has been pressed will appear to the right of the chosen decimal point position. Second, that when the register spaces available to the right of the decimal point have been utilized, the machine will accept no more digits. For example; if the Decimal Point Selector switch is set at two (2), there are spaces for only two digits to the right of the decimal point. If a number with three digits to the right of the decimal point is entered, such as .025, the machine will accept only .02, and the digit “5” will not be entered, This prevents entering more digits to the right of the decimal than can be utilized when the entered number is decimally aligned. SECTION 2 FRIDEN EC 130 CALCULATOR 8-1-64 Page 10 FIELD SERVICE MANUAL TABLE 2-2 DIGIT ENTRY FUNCTION ACTION RESULT REMARKS a. Press *4" key, D counter sets to 4. Digit keys set D counter. b. Shift R1 left, Shift D to B at R1C2 time. R1C2(0) moves to R1C3, R1C3(0) moves to R1C4, AND etc. D counter data (4) enters R1C2 time. See Shift Left. RiC2 becomes 4. See D to B Shift, Table 2-1 c. Press “6” key. D counter sets to 6. See Step a. d. Shift R1 Left, Shift D to B at R1C2 time. R1C2(4) moves to R1C3, R1C3 to R1C4, etc. AND D counter data (6) enters R1C2 time. See Shift Left. R1C2 becomes 6. See Step b. e. Press DECIMAL POINT Any further digits entered will be placed to the right of the decimal point. See Digit Entry. f. Press “5” key. D counter sets to 5. See step a. g. Shift R1 Left, R1C2(6) moves to R1C3, R1C3(4) moves to R1C4, AND R1C4 to R1iC5, ete. Shift D to B at R1C2 time. D counter data (5) enters R1C2 time. See Shift Left. R1C2 becomes 5, See step b. h. Press ENTER key. Entered digits align around decimal posit- jon 2. Display R1 reads: 00000000046.50 NOTE: The first action that will occur upon initiation of a new digit entry will be a Shift Up that will clear R1 for the entry of the new number. See Shift Up. b